Contemporary EHF 2026
Secure-by-design through Integrated Security, Safety and Human Factors
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Author Eylem Thron, Duncan Ki-Aries, Huseyin Dogan, Martin Freer, Shamal Faily |
| Abstract Cyber-attacks increasingly threaten critical infrastructure, where interactions between security, safety, and human-system behaviour create complex socio-technical risks. If not managed early, these interactions can produce latent vulnerabilities and unsafe operational states. This paper presents a Minimum Viable Product (MVP), developed by Bournemouth University and Mima and funded by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), to operationalise Secure-by-Design through integrated Human Factors (HF), safety, and cybersecurity analysis. The MVP combines System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) with Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA), Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA), Performance Shaping Factors (PSFs), and Human Attributes analysis to generate a structured and traceable User Requirements Document (URD) from a Defence specification exemplar. Results demonstrate that integrating HF, safety, and cybersecurity during early capability definition enables identification of cross-domain risks and supports derivation of coherent, traceable Secure-by-Design requirements for cyber-physical systems. |
Adversarial Design Thinking for Organisational Architecture
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Author Richard Farry |
| Abstract Organisations can unintentionally create friction, dysfunction, and harm through the design of their structures, processes, and information flows. This paper introduces Adversarial Design Thinking, a parallel‑design method that applies a malicious‑insider mindset to organisational architecture to reveal these hidden vulnerabilities. A Red Team is tasked to design solutions that meet stated goals while maximising plausible, undetected organisational harm, while a Blue Team designs conventionally. Comparing their outputs surfaces latent risks, structural weaknesses, and unintended consequences that human‑centred approaches—often assuming good intent—may overlook. The paper presents the GHOST and Harm frameworks to support identification of adversarial design patterns, showing how organisational features can hide harm, degrade recovery, and allow dysfunction to accumulate. This lens strengthens organisational resilience and design quality. |
A Human-Centric Sustainability Framework to Support Organisational Development and Change
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Author Russell Bond, Rachel Guest, John Dent |
| Abstract This paper outlines initial work conducted to develop a framework covering the human contribution to environmental Sustainability. The work draws upon Human Factors (HF) and broader Behavioural Science literature, existing frameworks and the experience of Sustainability experts within Frazer-Nash Consultancy (FNC). This paper identifies and synthesises human-centric factors required to inform development of the framework. Once developed the framework will support organisational assessments currently undertaken by Sustainability specialists within a range of industry settings. |
Monitoring train driver alertness in GB railway: Insights from live industry trial
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Author Kirsten Huysamen, Kimberly Lim Lim, Anna Vereker, Paul Leach, Claire Watt-Coombes, Jasmine Bayliss |
| Abstract Fatigue was identified as a contributing factor in the fatal 2016 Sandilands tram accident, highlighting the serious consequences of loss of driver alertness. In addition, a study into Signals Passed at Danger (SPADs) revealed that driver alertness and attention were factors in 49% of events. The Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) therefore instigated a study to trial a driver alertness monitoring device on the GB railway. The aim of the project is to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of the technology, as well as its ability to help identify underlying causes and contributing factors associated with loss of alertness in train drivers. The trial involves three train companies and is structured into four stages: a silent monitoring period, an alarm calibration period, an operating procedures calibration period, and a live running period. The paper provides details on the methodology and initial findings. |
Trust in Avatars for financial transactions
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Author Elaine Scougal, Michael Crabb, Gemma Webster, Phil Day, Andrew Smith |
| Abstract As automation reshapes customer service, technology providers are investigating the use of AI-driven avatars to enhance ATM interactions in the financial sector. This study examines the influence of trust and transparency on user acceptance of avatar-mediated financial interfaces. Findings from a qualitative evaluation show that users trust avatars for low-risk, routine tasks but require visible accountability, clear AI communication, and the option to hand over to a human for complex interactions. |
Applying Human Factors to the Manufacture of Pyrotechnics
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Author Anita Weltz, Joanne Bell, Sam Waters |
| Abstract This paper outlines a case study of the Human Factors (HF) work that was undertaken for a pyrotechnics and energetics manufacturer. The work involved an initial HF review of the chemicals receipt, storage and transfer processes at the facility, followed by a more detailed assessment of workload for Team Leaders (TLs). The paper describes the application of HF techniques in a unique setting and the learning and changes that were taken forwards as a result. |
Human Centred Rail Freight Preparation for Decarbonisation and Climate Resilience
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Author David Golightly, Anjum Naweed |
| Abstract Rail freight is undergoing systemic change in response to climate shift and need for decarbonisation. Many changes are implemented for engineering expediency. A holistic systems model is proposed to express the interrelated nature of change on people in the freight yard, to design safe and effective transitions. |
Multi-Sensory Inclusive Design: Designing for Every Body
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Author Natasha Fosker, James Hoare |
| Abstract Inclusive research and design is continuing to gain recognition as a vital aspect of medical device development, ensuring products are safe, usable, and accessible for diverse patient populations. With medical devices no longer exclusively used in controlled clinical environments, and instead routinely used in homes, factors outside of risk reduction become ever more important. Human factors engineering is often viewed narrowly as a way to reduce use-related risks, but this perspective overlooks the potential it has to drive innovation and equity. Inclusive research and design build on usability by actively considering differences in age, ability, culture, language, and sensory processing. As researchers and designers, these sit at the heart of what we do, particularly with a global healthcare landscape where home-use devices are increasingly common. This work examines how to integrate inclusive research and design with human factors throughout the development process, to enhance patient safety, trust, and adoption. For the user, this boils down to enhancing their experience. We’ve always believed inclusivity should not be regarded solely as a regulatory requirement; but it gives a strategic advantage that improves clinical outcomes and expands market reach. Designing for all users and sensory needs produces devices that address real-world use, and foster confidence among both patients and clinicians. |
Evaluating Hazard Awareness in Virtual Reality Collaborative Robotics Using Eye Tracking
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Author Joshua Odeniran, Yee Goh |
| Abstract This study evaluates the use of VR as an effective training method of assessing operators’ hazard awareness when working with robots in collaborative tasks. The VR environment used in testing uses the UR_16e robot with three levels where a specific robot variable changes with the aim for the operators to notice. Findings indicate that participants recognised two of the hazards (force and speed changes) and were able to explain the adverse effects. Although directional changes were less frequently identified, this study contributed to their understanding of robotic behaviour. |
Laboratory Surrogate Hammer-Drilling for Reproducible Testing of Design Effects
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Author Susanne Sutschet, Rebecca Rack, Simon Saurbier, Klaus Bengler, Sven Matthiesen |
| Abstract This paper evaluates laboratory surrogate hammer-drilling tasks to impose user load, and thus user strain, in a reproducible manner and comparable to hammer-drilling application. A six-axis industrial robot reproduces the key degrees of freedom of a representative snapshot of the drilling process, and user feedback is used to regulate the target load reproducibly across trials. The resulting measures are benchmarked against data from comparable hammer-drilling application studies. The selected task will be used in a future study for rapid, reproducible testing of power-tool design variants. |
The Out-of-Hours Review: From Work Systems Analysis to Recommendations and Beyond
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Author Eva-Maria Carman, Ayah Ebeidalla, Giulia Miles, Adam Johnson, Sophie Parker, Rooman Yarkhan, Steve Cantellow |
| Abstract Empirical evidence on the contribution of Human Factors and Ergonomics to healthcare system redesign is limited. Although the Out-of-Hours Review began with an initial limited work systems analysis, this project has since developed and progressed through three of the four major phases of healthcare system redesign, namely analysis, design, and implementation. This paper will describe elements for each of these phases and the contribution of the Human Factors team and how qualitative data captured throughout this collaboration shows indications of the changes to the work system since the initial systems analysis conducted in 2021/2022. |
Evaluation of Virtual Reality and Motion for Upset Prevention & Recovery Training (UPRT)
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Author Muhammad Akhtar, Michael Bromfield |
| Abstract The effectiveness of Virtual Reality (VR) and motion in Upset Prevention and Recovery Training (UPRT) for general aviation pilots was investigated. Preliminary findings suggest that VR in combination with motion improved the pilot’s ability to recognise and attempt upset recovery in selected upsets and has the potential to enhance aviation safety. |
Can thinking with personas improve policy discussions?
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Author Phuong Anh Nguyen, Robert Houghton, Sarah Sharples, Amanda Crompton |
| Abstract This research addresses the limited empirical evidence about the efficacy of using personas in public sector decision-making. Despite the increasing interest in using personas in policymaking, policymakers frequently express scepticism over the application of this relatively novel tool for complex social challenges. To fill this gap, the study employs a qualitative, scenario-based experiment in the context of transport disruption. The research findings indicate that personas enhance human-centred system thinking and encourage decision-makers to adopt a more inclusive context-sensitive approach. |
Applying a resilient lens to healthcare investigation
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Author Rebecca Doyle, Clare Crowley, Deinniol Owens |
| Abstract This paper outlines how the CARe resilience model was used in a series of patient safety investigations that considered medication-related incidents. The aim was to understand the resilience indicators within the healthcare system and make suitable safety observations to support improvements in patient safety. |
Passenger Congestion Management In Metro Stations: Risks, Strategies And System-Based Modelling
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Author Yusra Mustafa, David Golightly |
| Abstract Passenger congestion in UK metro systems remains a persistent operational and safety challenge, particularly during peak hours when overcrowding leads to bottlenecks, delays, and increased safety risks. Existing modelling approaches often emphasise on quantitative assessments while overlooking human decision-making, organisational constraints, and systemic interactions. This study addresses this gap using Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) to develop a systems-based approach to crowd management. This study furthers outlines the feasibility of AI in crowd management at UK metro stations. |
Assessing System Safety Risks in LH2-Powered Aircraft Ground Operations
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Author Samarth Burande |
| Abstract Liquid hydrogen (LH₂) is being explored as a potential pathway toward achieving net-zero aviation emissions by 2050. However, its introduction will require significant redesign of aircraft systems, airport infrastructure, and ground handling procedures. This study presents a theoretical system safety analysis of LH₂-powered aircraft during ground operations, with particular emphasis on refuelling activities. Using System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), the research identifies system-level hazards, unsafe control actions, and potential loss scenarios within airport environments transitioning to LH₂ fuelling. The analysis highlights critical vulnerabilities related to communication, equipment integrity, environmental conditions, and human factors. The findings provide proactive safety insights intended to inform future airport design, training frameworks, and infrastructure investment strategies for LH₂ aviation integration. |
The first empirical test of Human Factors integration in frontline policing
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Author Adam Pace |
| Abstract This study presents the first empirical test of aviation-derived Human Factors (HF) training within frontline policing. Longitudinal surveys of serving police officers and interviews with aviation specialists examined the relevance, transferability and operational impact of HF principles in this context. Findings were consistent with literature indicating that HF has not yet been adopted within policing, and participants reported low baseline familiarity with related concepts. Post-training responses demonstrated substantial gains in understanding, confidence and behavioural application. Most officers (89%) reported using HF operationally, with strong perceived benefits for safety and performance. The results indicate clear potential for HF to strengthen decision-making, safety and organisational learning across policing and the wider emergency services. |
Beyond SHELL: Integrating Self-Consciousness into Human Factors Systems (The SSHELL Framework)
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Author Astha Gill |
| Abstract The classical SHELL model has served as a foundational tool in Human Factors analysis, structuring the interactions among software, hardware, environment, and liveware. However, in modern high-stake systems, many performance variations arise from intrapersonal dynamics that the traditional model does not capture. This paper introduces The SSHELL Framework, a theoretical evolution that embeds Self-consciousness (S) as a core regulatory dimension within Human Factors systems. By addressing the role of internal self-regulation- awareness, emotional control, and reflective judgement- SSHELL redefines how human reliability and safety are understood. The framework bridges cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and ergonomics to propose a more conscious systems approach. Its relevance spans Aviation, Healthcare, and Defence, and points to future adaptability in Education as Human Factors principles extend into emerging domains. SSHELL thereby offers a conceptual bridge between human awareness and system resilience. |
Developing a Human Factors Integration Guideline for Road Transport Systems
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Author Zohre Abedi, Katherine Plant, Gemma Read, Paul Salmon |
| Abstract Road transport systems worldwide continue to create unacceptable levels of trauma. Currently, there are no widely adopted Human Factors Integration (HFI) guidelines specifically developed for road transport systems. This project outlines the development of a guideline to support the application of Ergonomics and Human Factors (EHF) knowledge, principles, and methods in the design and operation of road transport systems. Existing guidelines were reviewed, and a model for an optimal HFI guideline was developed using Work Domain Analysis with stakeholder input. |
Towards Empathic Machines: Introducing the Empathy Evaluation Questionnaire (EEQ)
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Author Ben Baldwin-Anyasodo, David Large, Gary Burnett, Robert Houghton |
| Abstract The Empathy Evaluation Questionnaire (EEQ) is a questionnaire-based instrument designed to evaluate perceived empathic interaction in speech-based human-machine interfaces. The paper presents the conceptual grounding, development, and empirical evaluation of the EEQ, including evidence of internal consistency, construct validity, and latent structure. Rather than treating empathy as a stable psychological trait or an intrinsic system property, the EEQ is positioned as a measure of how empathic qualities are recognised by users during interaction. Results from a large-scale online survey (n=182) demonstrate robust psychometric properties and reveal interactionally coupled dimensions of user judgement. A short-form version of the EEQ is also proposed to support applied and time-constrained evaluation contexts. Implications for the design and evaluation of empathic conversational systems are discussed. |
Human Factors Trade-offs: A Case Study in High-Hazard Environments
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Author Fay Dixon |
| Abstract Trade-offs are inevitable in HF practice and must reflect the task, environment, equipment, project and users. Poorly managed trade-offs increase human error; well-managed ones improve safety and performance. The HF specialist’s role is to navigate trade-offs intelligently, using evidence, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and clear rationale to ensure user needs are not overshadowed by competing demands. |
Exploring Feedback using Ambient Lighting to Improve Driver Attention
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Author Eloise Tivey, Catherine Harvey, David Large |
| Abstract In-vehicle ambient lighting offers potential as an implicit interface for supporting driver attention, yet its effectiveness in this application is unclear. This exploratory driving simulator study investigated how visual attention feedback using ambient lighting was perceived by drivers. Twelve drivers completed a car-following task while engaging in a forced visual distraction task under three ambient lighting conditions: discrete flashing, temporal change and colour change. Post-drive interviews guided by the Critical Decision Method examined their perception, comprehension and projection of the different states. While most drivers noticed the lighting, few correctly interpreted it as attention feedback, and no consistent reduction in visual distraction was observed. Findings suggest that ambient lighting alone is insufficient to reallocate driver attention without clearer meaning and behavioural alignment. |
Safety Procedures in Invasive Procedures: A Case Study in Endoscopy
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Author Eleanor Cox, Alexandra Lang, Giulia Miles, Bryn Baxendale |
| Abstract This project investigates the use and usability of clinical documentation in support and delivery of patient safety in invasive procedures, in line with recent national strategy. This research aimed to understand how well recent National Safety Standards for Invasive Procedures 2 (NatSSIPs 2) is embedded in the endoscopy unit at an acute hospital. Investigating both the sequential steps and the organisational standards, including documentation use and design. Documentation includes policies, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs). A case study approach in an endoscopy department combined observation data, expert HFE review and heuristic usability analysis of clinical documentation with data from clinician interviews to elicit understanding about patient safety in this work environment. Findings were analysed against the Systems Initiative Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety 2.0 (SEIPS 2.0) framework. Clinical documentation supporting the safety strategy was largely usable however use and implementation was limited. The steps within the national strategy have to a large extent been integrated into processes and documentation, however qualitative accounts from clinicians disclosed that they are not fully embedded into daily clinical practice. Organisational challenges associated with staff resource and time, engagement and attitudes towards safety procedures/ checklists were a significant barrier to the embedding of the recommended steps from the national strategy. The analysis of experiential staff data coupled with heuristic analysis using a systems model, has resulted in recommendations that can be mapped to organisational structures as well as local work systems to support learning and implementation of patient safety. |
Using Walk-Through Talk-Through to Understand Work-as-Done in Ambulance Care
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Author Ross Wyatt, Jo Turner |
| Abstract Walk-Through Talk-Through (WTTT) sessions were conducted with ambulance crews to explore how staff manage patient restraint and seatbelt use within the dynamic rear workspace. The study revealed a gap between policy expectations and operational realities, shaped by ergonomic design, workflow pressures, and cultural norms. Findings highlight how Human Factors methods can uncover system barriers and inform design changes that enhance both staff and patient safety. This is the first in a series of Operating Unit studies across the region. |
Two Case Studies Demonstrating the ‘Psychological Imperative’ for Safety Critical Task Analysis
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Author Nick Taylor |
| Abstract Safety Critical Task Analysis (SCTA) is a structured activity, used to identify and mitigate risks associated with human actions / inactions for critical tasks on Major Accident Hazards (MAH). SCTA is widely accepted as part of a project in high-hazard industries (e.g. chemical processing and oil & gas) and is most often allocated to the Human Factors Engineering (HFE) scope of work. The common methods, now widely accepted (thanks to efforts from a generation of HFE evangelists) include references to human error / failures, Performance Influencing Factors (PIFs) and a range of psychological and socio-technical influences / drivers / responses. As HFE professionals we must very strongly focus and develop these human-centred areas of risk management because the designers, technicians and engineering disciplines involved in the assessments do not have the training, skills or focus to do so. The outcome of either sidelining or promoting solutions requiring psychological consideration, is compared in 2 case studies. |
Human Factors Integration in healthcare
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Author Laura Pickup, Camilla Rowland, Julie Crawford, Anne Reader |
| Abstract The integration of human factors is relatively immature in healthcare compared to other safety critical industries. This paper aims to transfer knowledge from these industries for human factors healthcare practitioners. The paper includes practitioner experience and the need to recognise the soft systems with Human Factors Integration as a goal to inform Human Factors activities. |
Quantifying and Rating Distractibility of In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems: An End-User Toolkit
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Author Rachael Wynne, Jon-Paul Cavallaro, Angus McKerral, Alexander Thorpeq, Sophie Withers, Scott Brown, Ami Eidels, Guy Hawkins, Kristen Pammer |
| Abstract Given the increasing availability of technology within the vehicle, the potential for distraction from an infotainment system and resultant collisions is high. Currently the in-vehicle-infotainment-system (IVIS) is not considered within a vehicle’s safety rating, and currently no recognised standards to quantify the level of distraction of an IVIS. This paper summarises the testing of multiple vehicles for their distractibility which informs the development of a toolkit to determine the level of distraction of an IVIS. |
Ergonomics in the Hair & Beauty Industry
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Author Janie Tongue |
| Abstract The hair and beauty industry is characterized by physically demanding work that exposes practitioners to significant ergonomic risks. Repetitive tasks, sustained static postures, and poorly designed work environments contribute to high rates of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among hairdressers, beauticians, and spa therapists. My introduction to ergonomics began as a salon owner who witnessed two stylists leave the profession within eighteen months due to repetitive strain and carpal tunnel injuries—an experience that highlighted the urgent need for better ergonomic practices in the sector. This paper examines the impact of ergonomics on practitioner health, workplace performance, and overall career longevity within the industry. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining a review of existing literature on occupational health with workplace observations and qualitative data from interviews and surveys. Findings reveal that more than 70% of professionals report pain in key areas such as the neck, shoulders, lower back, and wrists, resulting in reduced productivity, absenteeism, and premature career exit. The study also identifies a clear effectiveness of ergonomic interventions—including adjustable seating, anti-fatigue flooring, ergonomic tools, and posture training—in reducing discomfort and injury risk. However, a persistent knowledge gap and inconsistent implementation due to cost or lack of training continue to hinder widespread adoption. The paper concludes that integrating ergonomics into everyday salon practice is essential for improving practitioner wellbeing and sustaining a healthy workforce. Low-cost ergonomic adaptations and industry-wide education can significantly reduce occupational health risks and support long-term professional sustainability in the hair and beauty sector. |
Lessons in Adversity: Adapting Methods for Assessments of Colour Perception
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Author Nicola Hill, Kamila Radwanska, Siddarth Shyamsundar |
| Abstract This paper outlines the practical challenges the authors faced while testing colour perception in helmet mounted displays in a first-of-its-kind flight testing in high ambient light. This paper outlines issues that may hamper future human factors studies and offers potential mitigations, serving as a stepping stone for future assessments. A brief review of the study’s results is also presented. |
Vacuum lift pilot to reduce physical workload in cargo break-down operations
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Author Gonny Hoekstra |
| Abstract This pilot study evaluated a vacuum lift system designed to reduce the physical workload of manual lifting at a cargo break-down workstation. Sensor data and user feedback showed that the device eliminated manual lifting and substantially reduced physical strain, though some ergonomic issues remain. |
In the Moment: trustworthiness and delegation to AI Agents
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Author Suzy Broadbent, Jennifer McVay |
| Abstract The In the Moment (ITM) Program considers high stakes decision making when there is no “correct” answer, and how Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms can be aligned to individuals’ decision-making criteria to improve trust and likelihood of delegation. Work carried out by in the US identified a number of “Key Decision-Making Attributes” (KDMAs) that may affect an individual’s decision making in the context of Mass Casualty Triage Scenarios. Following successful trials in the US, partnered with in the UK to extend the trial within the UK. Medically trained participants were assessed on their KDMAs during online text scenarios and Virtual Reality scenarios. They were then asked to review decisions made by “another medic” in similar scenarios, rate them on trust, and decide whether or not they would delegate to that particular medic. These medics were in fact Artificial Intelligence algorithms that were either aligned or deliberately misaligned to the participants’ KDMAs. This research demonstrates how AI can be tuned to represent human influences beyond competence and support trusted decision making in complex scenarios and investigates differences in decision making between US and UK participants. |
Designing for Constructability
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Author Clare Pollard, Sarah Hickey |
| Abstract UK nuclear licensed sites will have large construction projects ongoing for at least the next decade. To ensure programmes are achievable, there is a requirement to ensure designs are easy to construct. An integrated approach to Human Factors (HF) in the industry ensures HF activities across the design development stage, commissioning and into operations to ensure operability and maintainability. This paper provides guidance on HF aspects to be considered throughout the design process to ensure HF specialists are making decisions that make construction activities easier. |
Creating design personas to support a National Medicines Safety Improvement Programme
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Author Gill Gookey |
| Abstract This paper outlines the co-production of four design personas representing people with learning disability to embed human-centred thinking within a national medicines safety improvement programme (MedSIP) and provides examples of their use and impact. Developed through evidence synthesis, lived experience, and multidisciplinary input, the personas provide realistic scenarios of individuals at risk of harm from psychotropic medicines used for behaviour that challenges, supporting empathy and shared mental models for system redesign. Their application within MedSIP demonstrates how design personas can operationalise human factors principles in large-scale healthcare improvement. |
Future Energy Scenarios: Managing Human Factors Risks in Control Room Operations
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Author Ailsa Peron, Bethan Winter, Laura Dixon, Roger Crane |
| Abstract The progressive transition from natural gas networks to future energy scenarios – to meet the UK’s target of achieving net zero by 2050 - will require dynamic changes for operations in gas distribution networks (GDNs). In partnership with three of the UK’s four GDNs, X Consultancy Ltd conducted a study to identify human factors (HF) risks, and opportunities for HF best practice, in the design of future gas control room operations. We identified a total of 73 HF risks associated with future control room operations; from these, we developed a comprehensive and user-friendly GDN Human Factors Transition Framework, which presents practical guidance on 43 best practice recommendations drawn from HF integration, management of organisational change, and safety culture, to enable the GDNs to proactively manage future HF risks identified. |
Integrating Early User Insights in Complex Drug-Device Combination Product Development
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Author Sophie Edmonds-Allen |
| Abstract This paper explores how applying Human Factors Engineering (HF) methodologies in the form of Early User Insights (EUI), before the well characterised medical device usability engineering process, can improve usability, reduce risk, and support regulatory compliance. Drawing on recent case studies in drug-device combination product (DDCP) development, we will highlight strategies for adapting to increased product complexity by seeking patient insight, embedding early HF work and building internal capability. |
Learning Reviews: A Temporal Handling of the Open-Ended Challenge of Safety
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Author Paul Davison |
| Abstract Learning Reviews (LRs) are one of the most powerful organisational levers for improving safety, culture and performance. They recognise that adverse events are temporal and often traumatic experiences, shaped by conditions and sense-making that unfold long before the final moment. When used proactively and compassionately, LRs help leaders understand why actions made sense at the time, identify upstream influences and address the open-ended challenge, the wicked problem, of safety. A temporal and trauma-informed LR approach provides the psychological safety people need to speak openly, enabling deeper insight, richer organisational learning and more durable system improvements. In doing so, LRs strengthen trust, support recovery and create the conditions for safer and more humane performance. |
Building human factors capacity in healthcare
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Author Camilla Rowland, Laura Pickup, Nicholas Seaton |
| Abstract This paper describes a human factors education programme that extends to mentoring frontline clinical staff in applying their knowledge to real problems. Bristol’s human factors champion programme has been accredited by the Chartered Institute for Ergonomics and Human Factors and is actively developing human factors capacity to ensure an accurate representation and application across the organisation. |
The risk of moving – using risk analysis to develop simulation centre policy
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Author Sally Scott, Caroline Martin, Sharon Donaghy, Julie Mcquade, Julia Fowler, Lisa McCarroll, Michelle Graham, Karen Higgins, Allan Duke, Ashley Black, Catherine Paton |
| Abstract A risk analysis tool was utilised to facilitate the development of a pragmatic and effective moving and handling Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) specific to the simulation centre environment. The tool that fits the purpose was a Failure Modes Effect Analysis (FMEA), which enabled a proactive and collaborative risk assessment process to occur, thereby fostering a safety culture. |
Understanding the Future Electromagnetic Environment Through a Futures Thinking Approach
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Author Matthew Webster, Ella-Mae Hubbard, Chinthana Panagamuwa, James Flint |
| Abstract To understand the human factors implications for the ‘Generation After Next’ particularly for decision making in electromagnetic warfare, a futures thinking approach is applied. It investigates three electromagnetic environment horizons, (emerging, next generation and generation after next) with the aim to understand what types of decisions an electromagnetic warfare operator might perform. The purpose of this study is to improve the performance of both military individuals and teams, by assisting in the development of new decision support systems. |
Exploring the Critical Decision Method for Usability Evaluation
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Author Yiyao Li, Derin Borklu, Mojisolaoluwa Idowu, Setia Hermawati |
| Abstract Usability is central in the design and evaluation of interactive systems. There are different methods of usability studies, each offering some various advantages and challenges. The Critical Decision Method (CDM), widely used in cognitive task analysis, remains underexplored in usability contexts. This paper presents two empirical studies investigating CDM’s applicability. Study 1 (n=16) examined the use of recall aids (screen recordings) with an entertainment recommender system. Results showed that recall aids only significantly enhanced recall accuracy in one out of two tasks but there was no statistically significant difference in usability insights, indicating that CDM can mostly be effectively implemented without additional memory support tools. Study 2 (n=16) compared CDM and Think Aloud (TA) in evaluating search interfaces. Findings revealed that CDM and TA are similar in their effectiveness in identifying usability problem topics; however, CDM provides more comprehensive cognitive insights. Two studies suggest that CDM has the potential to be a complementary or alternative method in usability evaluation. |
Developing a Data-Driven Fatigue Management System Dashboard for Paramedic Services
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Author Marcus Yung, Amin Yazdani |
| Abstract Paramedic Fatigue is linked to poor work performance, including increased medical errors, and adverse health outcomes for the paramedic, such as increased accident risk, musculoskeletal disorders, and burnout. Currently, there are no effective and practical risk assessment tools that consider the various fatigue factors attributed to work tasks, work arrangement, and personal demographics. This presentation describes findings from a large prospective cohort fatigue study with a rural paramedic service in Ontario, Canada. Research data informed the development of a Fatigue Management System Dashboard (FMSD) to support a Service’s critical decision making for enhancing service efficiency, improving paramedic health and wellbeing, and maintaining patient safety. |
Beyond the Cab: Embedding HF in Depot Design, Operation and Maintenance
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Author Fiona Bird, Sofia Ahlberg Pilfold |
| Abstract Human Factors integration in rail has matured for driving and signalling but remains underdeveloped in the long-term maintenance of rolling stock. Using HF to optimise maintenance efficiency and reduce costs associated with delays and failures requires a “system of systems” approach drawing together the human aspects of train design, design depot and depot operations. The aim of this paper is to consolidate the authors’ experience and published material to identify commonalities. Four priorities for effective HF interventions are identified: (1) Stakeholder engagement including awareness raising (2) Published HF guidance and robust HF requirements in industry standards (3) Prioritising HF methods (based on likely scope, time and budget) to maximise impact, and (4) Improving the HF elements of incident investigations and developing design feedback loops to enable continual improvement. This will enable the rail industry to mature in its approach to the humans who perform critical functions and help to secure resources (time and budget) for HF throughout design and operational lifecycles, thereby improving safety and reliability. |
Task Screening Methodology – A Consistent Approach to Proportionate Human Factors Assessment
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Author Hannah Lewis-Smith, Rachel Selfe, Genevieve Thorburn |
| Abstract This paper presents a task screening methodology developed to support proportionate Human Factors (HF) assessment of human tasks within a nuclear construction project involving safety-critical environments. The methodology provides a structured process for identifying the type and depth of HF assessment to apply to tasks. It builds upon existing guidance and is intended to align with regulatory requirements. The paper outlines a five-step process, discusses feedback from application on projects, and highlights areas for future development. |
Cognitive Work Analysis and Allocation of Responsibility in AI systems
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Author Chris Baber, Patrick Waterson, Paul Salmon |
| Abstract Often ‘responsible AI’ focuses attention on the design of AI systems. We propose that a more pressing need arises when such systems are deployed. There is a need to predict where to place responsibility for outcomes arising from the activity of AI systems. Responsibility cannot be given to the AI system, human oversight must be designed into the broader sociotechnical system in which the AI is deployed, and human oversight must be considered in terms of meaningful control of the AI system. We demonstrate how methods from the Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) framework allow exploration of allocation of responsibility, AoR, in AI systems. Using a case study of a human-agent team, we show that the AI system does not operate at the level of physical form, i.e., it is not a tool that supports human activity, but operates at higher levels (e.g., physical and generalized functions) in ways that influence abstract functions (i.e., system values). Introducing AI involves redesign of the system to reflect the need for human oversight. As a result, we need to define new tasks for humans in this system and these could involve either changes to existing roles (e.g., the road traffic management role might extend to cover maintenance scheduling) or the introduction of additional roles (e.g., the highway engineers might need a role to work with the AI system and confirm its schedule), and the new roles could have additional requirements for coordination across the other roles in the system. |
Human-Centred Evaluation Approaches for Autonomous Agents: From Review to Practice
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Author Benjamin Bowers, Catherine Harvey, Robert Houghton |
| Abstract The present research explores existing approaches and methods used to study and evaluate novel system components with increasingly autonomous capabilities, such as AI agents, in safety-critical domains. We report a large-scale review of the human–autonomy teaming (HAT) literature and extend the input-mediator-output model of team effectiveness to guide human-centred assessment, culminating in the IMO-A framework. We then test existing metrics and understand approaches to evaluation used by Human Factors researchers using a novel method which leverages an AI-generated video generation tool to develop underwater maritime scenarios across levels of autonomy. Our final recommendations serve as a roadmap for progressing HAT evaluation from fragmented, study-specific measurement choices toward a standardised, IMO-A guided, autonomy-appropriate and multi-method evidence base that can be translated into practitioner-ready early-phase HSI protocols for the safe integration of autonomous agents in safety-critical systems. |
Using AI-Generated Videos and Storyboards as Elicitation Prompts in Human Factors Research
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Author Catherine Harvey, David Large, Benjamin Bowers, Iris Jestin |
| Abstract This paper presents a novel methodological approach, illustrated by two contrasting case studies – one situated in a safety-critical military context and the other in everyday driving – that utilise generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) to create, visualise and communicate concepts for use in participatory ergonomics. We reflect on the approach, providing a detailed four-stage methodology, and discuss the implications from a human factors perspective. |
Case Study: Improving Health and Wellbeing in UK Construction
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Author Clare Richardson, Shelley Stiles |
| Abstract In the UK Construction Industry 3.8% of workers suffer from work related ill health, a trend that is not showing signs of improvement. This paper details a descriptive case study of the occupational health and wellbeing maturity assessment approach undertaken by a Principal Contractor using a health and wellbeing maturity matrix and how this could be a tool for benchmarking health and wellbeing across the sector. |
Hierarchical task analysis to understand impacts of new technologies on level crossings
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Author Gemma Read, Katherine Plant, Zohre Abedi, Paul Salmon |
| Abstract Automated enforcement cameras have been proposed as a new intervention to enhance railway level crossing behaviour and safety. Hierarchical task analysis was utilised in a novel way to consider the potential positive and negative impacts on road user behaviour. The findings can be used to support decision making around the use of enforcement cameras in this context. |
Using the COM-B Model to Improve Safety Reporting by Railway Track Workers
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Author Jana Mihulkova, Sam Waters, Anita Weltz |
| Abstract This study used the COM-B model to investigate the barriers and enablers that influence safety reporting behaviour among track workers within the GB rail industry. Using a qualitative design, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with sixty track workers and seven safety managers to explore experiences and perceptions of reporting practices. Findings revealed fragmented and complex reporting systems that require significant knowledge and experience to navigate, inconsistent expectations, and negative influences of fear of repercussions as key barriers to effective reporting. Additional themes included the importance of feedback, trust, and recognition, alongside limited training and target-driven reporting. |
Influence of Information Source and Environmental Cues on Decision-Making During Flood Evacuation
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Author Razan Aldahlawi, Glyn Lawson, Alexandra Lang, Vahid Akbari |
| Abstract This study explored the influence of different information sources and environmental cues on decision-making behaviour at route intersections during flood evacuation. The information sources included traffic police officers, navigation systems, and road signs. The environmental cues involved floodwater on the streets and congestion. The talk-through method developed by Lawson (2011) was employed, in which participants were presented with hypothetical flood scenarios and asked to explain how they would respond. The results showed that receiving routing directions from a traffic police officer to follow the planned route increased the likelihood of complying with the instructions and staying on the planned route the most. In contrast, observing floodwater along the planned route was the strongest factor in decreasing the likelihood of staying on it and switching to an alternative route. Following a within-subject design, these findings were based on nonparametric statistical analysis, in which the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test assessed differences in participants’ rating scores across conditions. This research makes an important contribution to understanding how information sources and environmental conditions influence decision-making during floods. |
The Digital Future of Human Systems Integration
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Author Trevor Dobbins |
| Abstract Digital Engineering is becoming more recognised as system development is increasingly utilising more digital tools, and enhancing the use of the concepts of Digital Threads and Digital Twins. Human Systems Integration (HSI) needs to develop its place in this evolving digital engineering ecosystem, and therefore an understanding is required of how digital tools and workflows are developed to deliver enhanced HSI and Human Factors Engineering in the future. This paper initiates a dialogue on how the development of Digital HSI can be initiated and the necessary tools and work. |
Human Factors in the development of a National Medicines Safety Improvement Programme
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Author Gill Gookey |
| Abstract This paper explores how human factors principles shaped the design and implementation of England’s National Medicines Safety Improvement Programme (MedSIP) to help people with learning disability, at risk of behaviour that challenges, avoid harm from psychotropic medicines. Frameworks such as SEIPS v2 and AcciMap supported a systems approach to analysing data from a national Appreciative Inquiry. Findings highlighted the need for whole system change and key work system components for effective medication reviews, informing the national programme launched in April 2025 to promote safer prescribing across health and social care. |
Quality versus safety in healthcare – a national debate for patient care
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Author Nick Woodier, Jonathan Back, Deinniol Owens, Helen Vosper, Paul Bowie |
| Abstract A 2025 review of the patient safety landscape in England described that the National Health Service’s focus on safety has been at the detriment of other aspects of quality of care, such as effectiveness. Concerns have been raised that the review will lead to de-prioritisation of patient safety due to a fundamental misunderstanding of safety science. This paper provides an overview of an exploratory study of 1) perceptions around quality and safety in healthcare, and 2) evidence of trade-offs seen in national safety investigations. The paper concludes that safety should be considered as the foundation for quality, rather than as a dimension of quality. It recommends 1) a fundamental rethink about how the NHS views and prioritises patient safety, and 2) the need for healthcare to employ evidence-based safety and risk management principles. |
Applying FRAM to support service delivery changes in a regional cancer network
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Author Nicholas Seaton, Julie Crawford, Vanessa Mclelland, Helen Morris, Amanda Saunders, Rachel Dommett, John Moppett, Laura Pickup |
| Abstract This paper describes how Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) was used to produce a model to support a project team to deliver a planned service change in paediatric leukaemia care. With the anticipated wider use of the immunotherapy Blinatumomab, a regional initiative sought to introduce ambulatory shared care delivery of the medication across an operational delivery network of regional hospitals and family homes. The same team had previously used FRAM to analyse incidents, and the existing model was revisited and expanded to explore new system functions, dependencies, and sources of variability created by the change. By enabling multi professional staff to reason together across organisational boundaries, the model acted as a shared reference for understanding system resilience and guiding practical actions for a risk informed implementation of the proposed service delivery changes. Potential instantiations raised during this process were used to generate a Resilience Analysis Grid questionnaire intended to produce an early profile of the system’s potentials for resilient performance and to help focus attention on areas requiring further support as the pathway is introduced. |
The Identical Error paradox in aviation maintenance – more errors for safer outcomes
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Author Kevin Hayes, Nicolò Gariglio |
| Abstract Aviation regulators require maintenance organizations to mitigate against the potential catastrophic failure of redundant systems caused by Human Error. One of these mitigating strategies, “identical error”, is analysed in this paper for its efficacy at preventing Maintenance Errors. Using Rasmussen Skill-Rule-Knowledge framework (1986) in a thought experiment based scenario, and by applying a simple Human Reliability Analysis (Swain and Guttman, 1983) to the results, a potential paradox was identified; that under certain circumstances a system can intentionally produce more errors in order to result in an overall safer outcome. This finding was then considered for its real-world application to airline operators based upon the results of interview data analysed using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). |
Predicting workload in railway signalling
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Author Megan Thurgood, Nora Balfe |
| Abstract Upgrades to railway timetables, track infrastructure or signalling systems can generate increased workload for signallers and it is important to predict the scale of this in order to avoid overload, which can lead to reduced performance and therefore safety issues. This paper describes the development of an Excel based model to predict the effect of these changes, to allow for possible issues to be spotted and resolved. |
Thresholds of Care: Ergonomic Bedroom Design in Secure Environments
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Author Jaide Mead, Jayne Wheway |
| Abstract This case study employed a Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) approach to inform the refurbishment of a secure mental health unit, with a focus on safety-critical aspects of ward design. Key interventions included the redesign of patient bedroom doors and improved accessibility to nurse call systems within these rooms. A mixed-methods methodology was adopted, integrating a diverse range of HFE tools and evidence sources, including the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model, user experience evaluation, task analysis, and anthropometric data. The findings demonstrate the value of HFE in supporting safer, more user-centred environments in mental health care settings. |
Understanding Real-World Aviation Maintenance Performance Through Scenario Interviews
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Author Saleh Al Wohaibi, Brendan Ryan, Chris Bennett |
| Abstract This study explores systemic contributors to maintenance issues using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework. Through scenario-based interviews with experienced maintenance professionals, the research identifies how technicians adapt their practices to overcome design limitations, environmental challenges, and organisational pressures. The findings indicate that maintenance personnel sustain safety by continually modifying their work practices to address system constraints. This provides valuable insights into how safety in real-world settings arises from everyday adjustments rather than solely from adherence to established procedures. Recognising human adaptability helps aviation stakeholders enhance system resilience by aligning procedures, training, and system design with real work practices, thereby continuously improving safety. |
Understanding the impact of Respiratory Function Monitoring in Neonatal Monitoring
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Author Claire Evans, Alexandra Lang |
| Abstract This paper presents a study investigating how the presence of respiratory function monitoring (RFM) data impacts clinical decision making during neonatal resuscitation procedures. To date this is an under researched area despite technology advances making this data set accessible for neonatologists and their teams. Simulations of neonatal resusitations were undertaken with eight participants. Each participant took part in each study condition, with and without RFM. Eye tracking data was captured and then participants were involved in Critical Decision Method interviews. The results showed that presence of RFM modified decision making pathways, with clinicians using more stimulus seeking strategies in the procedure as opposed to recognition primed reasoning. An additional change was that the presence of the RFM encouraged an optimisation mindset, with participants seeking to maximise performance rather than relying on satisficing strategies. These findings have important implications for device design, training, and clinical integration. |
Asleep on the job: transforming fatigue risk management in UK rail
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Author Anna Vereker, Martine Gravil |
| Abstract The UK rail industry faces persistent challenges in managing fatigue risk, despite regulatory mandates and lessons from major incidents such as Clapham (1988) and Sandilands (2016). Structural changes, including the creation of Great British Rail, add new pressures and constraints, while progress is hindered by economic, operational, and cultural barriers. This paper argues that a deeper, systems-based understanding and the application of human factors tools are essential to develop pragmatic, multidimensional solutions alongside industry. |
Enhancing Radiology Safety Through Bias Awareness and Human-Factors Learning
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Author Rachel Magennis |
| Abstract Radiology is prone to cognitive bias. High workload, interruptions, pattern-recognition fatigue, and time pressures create situations where anchoring, satisfaction of search, and premature closure can occur. Radiology Events and Learning Meetings (REALMs) provide a forum for sharing discrepancies, but their value depends on psychological safety. Without a blame-free environment, clinicians cannot fully explore how bias influences decisions. This work examines how human-factors-informed REALM adaptations can improve bias awareness, strengthen reflective decision-making, and enhance patient safety. Approach We reviewed REALM processes across a multi-site radiology department using a human-factors framework: * Identifying bias-prone moments (overnight reporting, complex cases, mismatch between clinical request and findings). * Observing barriers to open discussion, including hierarchy, fear of judgement, and limited confidence among staff unfamiliar with structured feedback. * Introducing parallel forums (Reporting Radiographer REALM, Resident REALM) to create psychologically safe peer-level spaces. * Embedding bias-spotting prompts to normalise discussion of cognitive shortcuts. * Collecting feedback on whether these adaptations encouraged open discussion of errors and decision-making. Findings Smaller peer-level REALMs made it easier to discuss bias explicitly. Participants reported increased readiness to reflect on anchoring, automation bias, and satisfaction of search. These forums built confidence, enabling richer discussion in the main REALM and clearer identification of system factors affecting errors. Key Takeaways * Reflection on errors must include bias awareness. * Psychological safety is essential. * Parallel REALMs are optional but beneficial for large or multi-site departments. * Bias vocabulary normalises discussion of shared cognitive tendencies. * Human-factors-informed REALMs support safer systems and more resilient decision-making. |
Time added on: the impact of multiple AI teammates on referee decision-making
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Author Maia Low, Jolene Cox, Brandon King, Scott McLean, Chris Baber, Paul Salmon |
| Abstract There is a critical need to understand how the increasing deployment of AI technologies within Human-Autonomy Teams (HATs) impacts performance in different contexts. We investigated the effect of HAT composition (Human-AI dyad versus Human-AI-AI triad) on football referee decision-making performance for foul or no foul decisions in a series of English Premier League match excerpts. The findings demonstrated that decisions took longer in the human-AI-AI triad condition but decision accuracy and confidence were not impacted by HAT composition. |
Can human factors help improve safety performance within the UK Construction Industry?
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Author Shelley Stiles |
| Abstract Health and safety performance within the UK Construction Industry has shown no meaningful improvement for the last decade or so. Traditional approaches to health and safety management are not making an impact on accident/incident/ill health rates. This paper proposes that wider adoption of human factors can provide benefit within the UK Construction Industry, whilst recognising some of the real-world challenges within the sector. |
Abstraction Hierarchy Tool: A Software for Developing Abstraction Hierarchies as Network Graphs
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Author Joshua Duvnjak, Luciana Blaha, Theodore Lim, Guy Walker, David Flynn, Phillip Greening |
| Abstract The Abstraction Hierarchy (AH) is a Human Factors (E/HF) method used to model the functional structure of complex systems. Although developments have combined the AH with network statistics, this approach is cumbersome to perform. We aim to resolve this issue with our development of a python-based software tool to enable easy access to quantitative statistics within the AH and visualise it as a network graph. |
Electronic Procedures – will they work for you?
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Author Adrian Wheatley |
| Abstract A literature review and Learning from Experience study was undertaken to draw key themes and topics associated with the design, development, implementation and use of Electronic Procedures. The output report is intended to be used to develop ONR guidance on the topic. |
Seeing the Big Picture: Situation Awareness Assessment in Highly Automated Control Rooms
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Author Amber Drinkwater, Steve Baker |
| Abstract As control systems in high-risk industries become increasingly automated, we see the human Control Room Operator’s role evolve from a high degree of reliance on human control, to a supervisory role of the control by automated systems. As automation increases, the role of the operator may change e.g., they may perform more monitoring activities and perform fewer control actions. This affects how humans interact with these systems, and what demand is placed on them versus the system; impacting the procedures, communications and expected team dynamics amongst other factors. The gathering, maintaining and purposefully utilising Situation Awareness (SA) in modern nuclear control room environments is important; however, it can be difficult for Human Factors (HF) practitioners to define and assess, particularly with increasing levels of automation. It may be inappropriate to expect the operator to know every low-level detail about the status of each system, but more important to expect awareness of higher-level information such as what the other team members are managing or understanding the procedural objectives. Many of the existing methods to assess SA for HF validation activities present limitations, and do not consider the changes in Situation Awareness requirements of the operator resulting from increased automation. This affects the ability to assess the degree to which operators can successfully gather, maintain and utilise SA. We will share some of our challenges and experiences of applying a multi-method approach to SA assessment during Integrated Systems Validation (ISV) of a highly automated main control room. |
Human Reliability Assessment of Maritime Teams During Hazardous Operations
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Author Mike Tainsh |
| Abstract The paper introduces the concept of System Integrity Level (SIL) and its use when characterising hazardous operations. The operation under investigation here is the embarkation and disembarkation of stores from a ship. The stores in this investigation were assumed as non-hazardous but requiring a trained team and specialist equipment. The investigation compared the relative benefit of having an additional team member working to ensure the safety of the personnel within the team. Eight specialist participants made a set of comparisons between team performance carried out with no safety specialist and teams working with a safety specialist. It was assessed that the introduction of the safety specialist may make a substantial contribution to the reduction in error of the non-hazardous elements of the manual handling operations. |
Development of guiding principles for human performance for the WHO pharmacovigilance strategy
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Author Brian Edwards, Pegah Salimi Pormehr, Julie Avery |
| Abstract The WHO has both a human factors strategy and more recently published a global pharmacovigilance strategy although the latter does not refer to devices which continue to be regulated in a parallel system.However, many medicines depend for their effective use on devices (including kits), and some products are integrated drug-devices. Unlike other safety critical sectors, there are no international guiding principles for all stakeholders which might unify the optimal use of both medicines and devices. Based on discussion with pharmaceutical manufacturers, we have drafted the world’s first set of guiding principles for human performance and safety of medicines and devices. We position these principles as a practical bridge between pharmacovigilance and existing human factors and usability frameworks for medical device design (such as IEC 62366-1), making them relevant and usable for designers, regulators, and industry across both medicines and devices. |
MOSAIC Database: Improving Inclusive Design through Anthropometric Data
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Author Amin Yazdani, Marcus Yung |
| Abstract The design of work products, including personal protective equipment (PPE), tools, equipment, and assistive technologies, play a significant role in their function, usability, adoption, and ultimately their effectiveness in preventing injuries in workplaces. Unfortunately, work product manufacturers and designers often rely on dated, general population anthropometric data sets. This presentation will describe through two studies the current challenges with work product design, particularly PPE, and detail how MOSAIC will support the inclusive design of work products to accommodate Canada’s diverse workforce. |
Human Factors for Rail Traffic Management
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Author David Golightly, Richard Bye |
| Abstract Rail Traffic Management (TM) is representative of an emerging class of technologies provide supervisory control and decision support in collaborative contexts. This paper presents observation and interview analysis to outline the dimensions of TM from a human factors perspective, to inform the case for further investments in TM development and deployment and to support strategic infrastructure capacity benefits (Soone, 2024). |
Real-time Estimation of Human and Robot Trust
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Author Chris Baber, Sagir Yusuf, Edmund Hunt, Sanja Milivojevic, Patrick Waterson |
| Abstract When people and robots work together, performance can be affected by perceived trust. Typically, trust is measured through self-report from people, often at the end of an experiment. We present a simple approach to estimate trust levels from data during performance. The approach not only allows us to estimate trust that humans have in the robots they work with but also trust that the robots might have in their human teammates. We propose that this could be used to identify degradation in trust and provides opportunity to repair trust before interaction is impaired |
How do Royal Marines REALLY measure up? Anthropometry in Mission-Critical Design
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Author Clare Parker |
| Abstract This paper outlines the Human Factors (HF) work done as part of a major design project for a Multi-Role Strike Ship (MRSS), a type of Landing Dock Platform (LDP) capability upon which the Royal Marines (RM) are Embarked Military Forces (EMF). The project consisted of collecting anthropometric data from RMs in support of the MRSS design and comparing the data with the existing LPD capability with a view to ensuring that the assault routes and assembly areas on board are fit for purpose. By applying the findings of this work to the design, the overarching objective of ensuring safe and rapid disembarkation via the assault routes can be maintained and achieved by the new design. The work was delivered by a HF specialist for the Ships Naval Design Partnering (NDP) and the Ministry of Defence (MoD). This aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of employing foundational HF assessment and analysis tools and the wide-reaching impact the outcomes can have on a design. |
Understanding and mitigating MSD risks faced by frontline rail-staff using wearable technology
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Author Simon Carpenter, Kailash Manohara Selvan |
| Abstract Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a major contributor to sickness absence and reduced operational performance among front-line rail staff. This study applied a validated workwear-integrated wearable-sensor system to quantify real-world ergonomic risks associated with key manual-handling and passenger-support tasks performed by Conductors, Passenger Companions and Catering Hosts. Continuous kinematic data identified posture-related hazards, forceful exertions and technique drift between training and operational settings. Evidence-based mitigations are now being implemented, including enhanced training, improved training fidelity, redesigned storage layouts, infrastructure modifications and equipment evaluations. Strong engagement from staff, operational leadership and trade unions demonstrates the value of objective ergonomic assessment in informing practicable MSD-risk reduction strategies and supporting safer, more inclusive working environments. |
Guidelines for the Development of Care Robotics: A Human Factors Perspective
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Author Dylan Cooper, Kyle Harrington, Aleksandra Landowska, Aislinn Gomez-Bergin |
| Abstract This mixed-methods study seeks to address the complex challenge of integrating robotics within adult social care by developing evidence-based design and implementation guidelines. Using a participatory design approach, the research combines public sentiment analysis, healthcare worker survey, carer interviews, cognitive work analysis and expert review. The findings here highlight the importance of human-in-the-loop automation, unambiguous appliance-like design and integration with existing care systems and infrastructure. The resultant guidance offers actionable insights for designers, manufacturers, and policymakers to ensure safe, ethical, culturally sensitive and effective deployment of care robotics. |
The Human Component of Safety in Defence
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Author Katie Parnell, Georgina Mason, Oliver Malpass, Isabel Holtby, Nicola Turner, Andrew Leggatt |
| Abstract Autonomous and Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are being integrated into Defence at speed, with likely significant safety implications to the human component. This paper provides an overview of the human component of safety with respect to current Defence guidance and policy. Key areas of current UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) Human Factors (HF) guidance have been identified that need to keep pace with the rapid developments in Autonomous and AI systems. These areas will need to be addressed to tackle future safety challenges that impact human performance within safety critical systems. The practical implications for safety critical areas and ways to mitigate them through updates to government-based guidance will be presented. In addition, an exciting, novel and innovative Defence specific Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) tool is under development to capture and assess human performance in the context of risk in current Defence systems, to support the assessment of a broad range of military equipment and tasks. |
Drone Swarming – Unlocking the Potential of Human Swarm Teams
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Author Siddharth Shyamsundar |
| Abstract Drone swarms represent a paradigm shift in human autonomy teaming while also bringing unprecedented advantages to civilian and military applications. While enabled by high levels of autonomy, human operators will continue to play a vital role, interacting with the swarm as a single entity, overseeing the mission and making key decisions. This paper discusses the human factors considerations associated with human swarm teams and introduces a bespoke human swarm teaming philosophy for a future drone swarming concept. Integrating autonomy and human information processing models, this concept of control allows the dynamic sharing of tasks between the autonomous swarm and the human operator while optimising key human factors considerations like situational awareness, workload, attention and fatigue. The first principles and designs of a novel human machine interface developed to implement this human swarm teaming philosophy while accounting for the real-world challenges associated with imperfect data transmission and beyond line-of-sight communications are also presented and discussed. |
Human-Centred Initiatives for Inclusive Cyber Security in a Medium-Sized UK Organisation
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Author Elzbieta Titis, Andrew Burd |
| Abstract This study builds on our prior research identifying key barriers to cyber security engagement, such as techno-invasion stress, demographic disparities in training uptake, and frustration with rigid protocols. Through a mixed-methods approach, it proposes targeted, human-centred initiatives with micro actions to improve engagement, reduce stress, and promote shared responsibility across age and gender groups in a mid-sized UK organisation, moving beyond purely technical considerations. We outline these initiatives and reflect on their long-term impact. The study recommends that organisations leverage these insights as a model of good practice and, along with other available data, use them to refine and strengthen their cyber security strategies. |
The 2017 Manchester Arena Bombing: A Sociotechnical Systems Analysis
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Author Patrick Waterson |
| Abstract The paper describes a sociotechnical systems approach to modelling a terrorist incident, namely the bombing of the Manchester Arena on 22nd May 2017. The paper probes more deeply into the underlying factors contributing to the bombing in order to extract lessons, particularly in terms of the future management of crowd events and their policing. The analysis of the research employs a hybrid version of Rasmussen’s Accimap (1997) and a sociotechnical systems analysis based on the work of Turner (1978). The research tries to identify how the incident developed and to investigate its origins in order to avoid similar events occurring. A set of conclusions are drawn relating to systemic archetypes of failure and how to evade these and plan for them in advance of a potential incident and future events involving potential safety critical threats including terrorism. |
A multi-actor human-in-the-loop simulation methodology to examine human-automation interaction in railways
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Author Sarah Kusumastuti, Julia Lo, Tom Kolkman, Simone Borsci |
| Abstract This paper outlines the utilisation of a human-in-the-loop simulation of rail operations as part of Europe’s Rail Joint Undertaking (ERJU) research on Automatic Train Operations-Traffic Management System (ATO-TMS). An experiment was designed to study performance and communication of train traffic controllers, network controllers, and train drivers under Automated Train Operations (ATO) Grade of Automation (GoA) level 2 systems compared to a system with no ATO implementation. Results indicate that workload appear to be higher for traffic control operators in GoA level 2. There are no differences in communications and collaboration among traffic control room operators nor between traffic control and train drivers compared to the current system. Operators’ trust in automation was lower after experiencing the simulation. Qualitative feedback indicate that most traffic control operators perceive limited improvements offered by GoA 2, and so do most train drivers, who express stronger negative reactions. Overall, the simulation managed to provide rail operators with an impression of how automated systems can impact their communication and way of working. |
Mapping an ideal sociotechnical safety management system for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems
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Author Samantha Jackson, Paul Salmon, Gemma Read |
| Abstract Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), also known as drones, are a rapidly emerging technology that is being quickly adopted in many civil and military applications. Although there are several benefits, a number of safety risks also exist. It is essential to take a proactive approach in designing broader sociotechnical safety systems that support the safe and optimal use of this technology. We used the Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) method to develop an optimal control structure needed to ensure safe and effective RPAS operations. |
Optimising Human Factors in Three-Person Resuscitation Teams
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Author Chun Kit Jacky Chan, Fabian Ling Ngai Tung, Suk Yin Joey HO, Alice Yip |
| Abstract Cardiac arrest survival depends on timely, effective resuscitation, guided by Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) protocols designed for six-person teams. However, real-world constraints like staffing shortages often force teams to operate with only three members, creating a critical gap between protocol standards and clinical practice. This qualitative study explored the perspectives of experienced ACLS faculty (n=6) to analyze teamwork dynamics, role allocation, and cognitive workload in three-person resuscitations, using the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) framework. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews revealed that role distractions occurred in approximately 80% of scenarios, primarily during high-cognitive-load tasks like rhythm analysis. While standardized protocols provided a shared mental model initially, unexpected events necessitated a difficult shift to explicit problem-solving. Environmental stressors, such as night-shift conditions, amplified cognitive demands. Key findings indicate that successful three-person resuscitation hinges on two factors: strict role specialization to prevent cognitive overload and strong leadership to act as a cognitive buffer, coordinating the system and absorbing complexity. The study concludes that ACLS training should incorporate specific modules on role adherence and leadership for small-team configurations. Future research should combine these qualitative insights with physiological measures, like functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), to validate these relationships and develop evidence-based tools tailored for constrained teams. |
Beyond the Lab: Ten-Day Eye-Tracking and Cardiovascular Monitoring in Live Air-Traffic Control
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Author Jediah Clark, Wing-Yee Cheung, Lisa Aldridge, Adam Smith |
| Abstract As the largest investigation of its kind in UK Air Traffic Control (ATC), 25 participants took part in a ten-day continuous pilot trial using heart-rate monitors, sleep diaries, and desktop eye tracking across multiple shifts in NATS Swanwick Terminal Control. The study’s primary objective was to assess the technical viability for measuring real-time biometrics in a live ATC operational environment, with a secondary objective of validating these measures against other environmental and behavioural factors. Although challenges were present, a wealth of data was collected from this study, showing that the potential for real-time data collection and assimilation in live-ATC is feasible, and more importantly, non-invasive to work-flow. This contribution shines a spotlight on new developments of these biometric devices, and highlights the biggest hurdles facing real-time biometric measures, and presents initial findings on how this could inform more advanced methods of workload and fatigue monitoring, as well as future opportunities. |
Benefits of Using Visual Engineering to Support Human Factors Assessments
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Author Laura Poad, Samantha Hilton, Ben Gafner |
| Abstract This case study presents how modern Visual Engineering (VE) tools, such as Virtual Reality (VR), digital human modelling and interactive simulation, have been used to support traditional Human Factors (HF) assessments within the Nuclear Decommissioning Industry. The case study demonstrates a real-world example of how Visual Engineering tools have been integrated into existing HF processes and aims to provide practical, evidence-based insights and transferable lessons to HF practitioners interested how Visual Engineering technologies can benefit HF practice. |
Predicting nursing staff requirements: How can we improve decision support tools?
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Author Rich McIlroy, Talia Emmanuel, Chiara Dall'Ora, Christina Saville |
| Abstract Most hospital trusts across England’s National Health Service use acuity/dependency tools to estimate nurse staffing needs, which require trained nurses to input patient and other administrative data at multiple timepoints. It is possible that information already recorded about patients could be used instead to guide staffing requirement predictions. This research asks how best to incorporate such predictions into software products, doing so through a user-centred design process involving focus groups with clinical nurses and nursing managers. |
Monitoring train driver fatigue through operational performance data
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Author Rebecca Kearnes, Mark Young, Nora Balfe, Megan Thurgood |
| Abstract Fatigue presents a significant risk for safety-critical systems such as the railway. Reaction time, which is crucial in tasks such as train driving, offers a valid proxy for fatigue. This study analysed driver reactions to vigilance alerts from on-train (‘black box’) data to show that both temporal and workload factors can affect driver performance, demonstrating the feasibility of this method as an objective means of detecting early indicators of driver fatigue. |
Factors Shaping the Passenger Experience in Advanced Air Mobility: Insights from Literature
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Author Lamyea Ahmed, Robin Ward, Michael Bromfield, Sang-Hoon Yeo |
| Abstract Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) offers a new form of sustainable air transportation for passengers moving across urban and regional areas, making passenger experience a crucial factor in its societal adoption and commercial success. This paper reviews literature on key human factors influencing AAM acceptance, including motion comfort, ride quality, trust in pilotless operations and the role of in-flight information. Existing studies indicate that acceleration, vibration and attitude influence in-flight comfort, while research on autonomous mobility highlights the importance of system transparency and the communication of system state for trust. However, current literature shows a limited understanding of angular motion comfort, differences in ride quality across AAM vehicle types, and the effectiveness of auditory in-flight information for autonomous journeys. These gaps highlight clear opportunities for future motion-based experimental work to support passenger-centred AAM design. |
Exploring the application of systems-based tools in mental health safety investigations
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Author Tracey Herlihey, Melanie Ottewill, Deinniol Owens, Lauren Mosley |
| Abstract This study examines the application of the Patient Safety Incident Response Framework (PSIRF) Learning Response Toolkit within mental health settings. Through a survey, discussion forums, and cognitive walkthroughs, the research identifies usability gaps and the need for tailored guidance to address the unique complexities of mental health care, particularly in cases involving suicide or homicide. Findings emphasise that effective learning from safety events requires not just tools, but also foundational human factors knowledge, cultural support, and stakeholder engagement. |
Knowledge share from a wide scope approach to HF in nuclear defuelling
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Author Jack Kelleher, Abby Middleton |
| Abstract The Human Factors (HF) team conducted a holistic, wide scope review of the Fuelling Machine at a nuclear power station undergoing defuelling to support the maintenance of high safety standards. The team worked collaboratively with the fuel route operators to identify issues and prioritised them using a novel mapping of PSFs onto EPCs. The collaboration extended to the development of proportionate and pragmatic recommendations, ultimately improving safety during defuelling operations. |
Putting the Focus on Drivers: Exploring Public Understanding of Driver Monitoring Systems
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Author David Large, Catherine Harvey, Hannah Parr, Iris Jestin, Elizabeth Box |
| Abstract Driver monitoring systems (DMS) are increasingly embedded in modern vehicles and safety assessment frameworks, yet little is known about how drivers themselves understand these systems and how their beliefs shape usage, trust and acceptance. Ten focus groups (n = 30 UK drivers, aged 20–79) were conducted in which pictorial storyboards depicting five generic driver monitoring scenarios (fatigue, distraction, cognitive decline, intoxication and data privacy) were shown to participants, who were then asked to discuss what they thought was happening, how they thought it was happening, and why they thought it was happening. Findings suggest that drivers perceived DMS as socio-technical systems shaped by behaviour, context, interface design and data governance, with acceptance driven more by trust, autonomy and expectations than detection accuracy. Drivers highlighted fluctuating states and subjective self-assessment, indicating binary “fit/unfit” judgements poorly reflect real-world driving. Transparent, advisory and explainable systems were favoured, while opaque inferences, intrusive monitoring and unclear data use reduced trust. Findings will be used to inform the design of a large-scale survey to measure acceptance. |
Sociotechnical factors influencing a digital early warning system: A qualitative interview study
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Author Maeve Moran, Marie Ward, Siobhán Corrigan |
| Abstract While digital Early Warning Systems (EWS)—integrated within Electronic Patient Records (EPR)—hold the potential to support the early identification and management of patient deterioration, their real-world effectiveness depends heavily on how clinicians interpret, trust, and integrate them in everyday practice (Wong et al., 2024). This qualitative study uses semi-structured interviews with four groups: physicians, nurses, quality and safety professionals, and information management and systems (IMS) staff. Engaging diverse stakeholder perspectives, this research seeks to generate a comprehensive, cross-disciplinary understanding of the processes shaping digital EWS uptake in a large urban teaching hospital. Methods Interview topic guides were drawn loosely from the SEIPS 2.0 model (Holden et al., 2013). Questions evoke both broad perspectives on EPR performance as well as EWS-specific insights. Interviews underwent thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2013; Pope & Mays, 2020) to identify patterns across and within professional groups. Results Interviews suggest notable variation in how different professional groups conceptualise the role and value of the digital EWS. Across groups, participants identify both positive outcomes (e.g., clearer escalation cues, automated score calculation, auditability) and concerns (e.g., interface usability, alert fatigue, documentation delays, and system workarounds). Conclusion This study is beginning to illuminate the complex sociotechnical conditions that shape the adoption of digital EWS in acute care. Findings highlight the importance of aligning digital tools with clinical workflow and supporting professional judgement. This study more broadly highlights the value of qualitative perspectives in healthcare human factors, particularly in healthcare technology design and implementation. |
Preparing for Rare Medical Events: A Case Study in Resuscitative Hysterotomy
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Author Eva-Maria Carman, Ayah Ebeidalla, Cherisse Littrean, Hannah Wilkincrowe, Alice Reid, Matthew O'Meara, Steve Cantellow |
| Abstract In healthcare, there are situations that clinicians seldom face, yet have to be prepared for. One such example is a resuscitative hysterotomy. This paper presents how, through the use of hierarchical task analysis and consideration of work systems elements, a basis can be constructed for future work in developing both training and wider work system considerations for this type of procedure. Review of the latest guidelines and a total of 26 observations of demonstrations by faculty and attendees practicing a resuscitative hysterotomy during a new training package were used to explore the wider task context, identify the sub-operations for the procedure of a resuscitative hysterotomy, and document potential system considerations. From the task decomposition, key work system considerations already became visible. These included the SEIPS components of person(s), organisation of work, tools and technology and internal environment. For this procedure, there are multiple task and work system considerations for performing this procedure that add to the complexity of how to prepare clinicians for this. Using the task decomposition diagrams and tables, an in situ simulation could be developed that helps the organisation not only train staff but also evaluates the organisation’s preparedness for such events. The work system considerations identified provide an initial basis for this type of evaluation. |
Human Factors Spatial Screening for Evolving Designs: Proportionate Approach to Early Prioritisation
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Author Jack Forrest, Andrew Shelton, Joanne Kitchin |
| Abstract This paper describes the application of a proportional, risk‑based spatial review screening process to prioritise Human Factors (HF) assessment within a large high‑hazard construction project, including the benefits and challenges of this approach. The approach enabled targeted spatial review under time and information constraints, supporting early HF integration. |
“Think Twice, Cut Once”: Interview Study Examining Non-Technical Skills in Forestry Operations
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Author Sofia Johansson, Amy Irwin, Nejc Sedlar, Rhona Flin, Jason Liggins, Andrew Sloss |
| Abstract Non-technical skills are the cognitive and social skills that enable safe and effective performance in safety-critical environments, yet little is known about how these skills are used within one of UK’s most hazardous industries, forestry. Using semi-structured interviews with UK-based machine operators, this study examined both the use of non-technical skills and the performance-influencing factors that shape them. The findings suggest that operators of forestry machinery (harvester, forwarder, skyline winch) depend upon skills such as situation awareness, decision making, and communication to work safely in this high-risk context. |
Enhancing Pilot Performance with Modern Glass Cockpits in Aviation
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Author Samarth Burande |
| Abstract This paper examines how modern glass cockpit systems, particularly the Garmin G1000, influence pilot performance through the lens of Endsley’s three-stage situational awareness (SA) model. The analysis is based on the author’s professional experience as a flight instructor and a structured cognitive ergonomics assessment of cockpit interface features that support or hinder situational awareness. The findings highlight both strengths and limitations of glass cockpits, propose concrete training recommendations, and outline future empirical research using NASA-TLX workload assessment. |
Advanced Reactor Technologies – do we need to still worry about the human?
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Author Farah Fenoughty |
| Abstract Nuclear reactor technology is developing and changing the role of the human and interaction with the plant. Specifically, working as a HF consultant in the nuclear industry, the human contribution to risk and reliance on the human to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the plant is changing - we will rely less on human diagnosis of faults and fault mitigation actions and more on passive and automated safety systems. However, working on new build projects I have found that these fundamental questions have not always been considered and explored systematically – is there anything the human could do that could compromise the integrity of the safety systems to fulfil their intended safety function and, in a fault situation, is there anything the human could do to make things worse? In this paper I will elaborate on why these questions remain important. |
Information Chunk Similarity in Nuclear Power Monitoring: A Cognitive Bias Effect Paradigm
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Author Xiaoli Wu, Yiqun Li, Yuqi He, Zexi Fang |
| Abstract This study tackles the cognitive bias caused by high similarity among information chunks in nuclear power monitoring systems. A cognitive model was constructed to identify perceptual similarity as the key factor affecting operator cognition. Behavioral experiments using visual search and situational tasks were conducted to quantify chunk similarity and determine the optimal similarity range. Results show that perceptual similarity has a significantly greater impact than semantic similarity. An equation for calculating overall perceptual similarity based on color, layout, and complexity was developed. The optimal similarity value range (T0'' ∈ [4.624, 5.538]) was identified, enhancing interface recognizability and cognitive performance. This study proposes a similarity bias effect paradigm for visual tasks, providing a theoretical basis and empirical support for improving nuclear power monitoring interface design. |
Beyond perpetrators and victims: A systems ergonomics perspective on technology-facilitated abuse
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Author Nicole Liddell, Nadine McKillop, Paul Salmon, Gemma Read |
| Abstract Technology-facilitated abuse (TFA) is prevalent in cases of intimate partner violence. This scoping review applied a systems ergonomics model, Rasmussen’s Risk Management Framework, as a novel approach to map the known factors that influence TFA in the context of intimate partner violence. The findings showed that the literature has focused on factors related to actors directly involved in TFA (e.g., perpetrators and victim-survivors) and that inadequate systemic responses influence the persistence of TFA. The utility of applying systems ergonomics to understand and address complex and pervasive social problems was demonstrated. |
Auditory Announcements and Warnings at UK Train Stations: Do They Work?
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Author Patrick Waterson |
| Abstract Auditory safety and security announcements in UK rail stations are regularly broadcast to dissuade passengers from actions that compromise personal and collective safety, yet passengers continue with risky behaviours. The effectiveness of these interventions is minimally evaluated. A survey of passengers (n = 37) at two UK mainline rail stations, semi-structured interviews of station management and customer service experts (n = 9) and a focus group of rail human factors and operations experts (n = 7) were conducted; the study had a total of 53 participants. Uses of SAs and passenger behaviours at the two stations were observed. We found that most passengers found a safety or security SA helpful if it gave or inspired them to take an action or was memorable. Only 16% of passengers ignore SAs. Sixty-two percent of passengers found at least one SA helpful; ‘See it Say it Sorted’ (22%) and ‘Keep your luggage on you at all times” (11%) were most popular in this group. Passengers find security SAs more useful than safety SAs, though most do not recognise they are also responsible for station security. Passengers and experts agree specific, timely announcements get more attention, which is why manual SAs are preferable to automated safety and security SAs that can fail to be contextually congruent and cause habituation as a result. |
Neurodiversity in Safety-Critical Roles: Examining the Lived Experiences of Train Drivers
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Author Alice Monk, Claire Shooter, Kim Lim, Claire Watt-Coombes, Jasmine Bayliss, Paul Leach, Clare Forshaw |
| Abstract There is a growing body of research on neurodiversity and its impact on performance and well-being in workplace settings. However, within the rail industry, little is known about the strengths and challenges experienced by neurodiverse train drivers, or about the solutions that can be implemented in driving cab environments, where opportunities for adjustments are more limited. |
DOSE (Database of Occupation-Specific Exposures): Development and Case Example
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Author Marcus Yung, Amin Yazdani |
| Abstract Ergonomic, physical, psychosocial, and environmental conditions interact, and play a role in the risk of workplace injuries, including musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). There is a need for accurate and ecologically valid assessments of job exposures and demands to more effectively prevent MSD. This presentation describes the development of the multi-dimensional Database of Occupation-Specific Exposures (DOSE), a new initiative based on direct field measurement, that will support effective MSD prevention and open avenues of research in studying exposure-disease associations. |
Get a Grip – Scientific Communication of Human Factors to the Next Generation
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Author Ella-Mae Hubbard, Rebecca Grant, Ellie King, Mark Young |
| Abstract The Get a Grip Ambassador programme, trained seven Human Factors (HF) professionals in public engagement and creative communication, enabling them to design and deliver inclusive workshops to school groups underrepresented in engineering. These workshops introduced nearly 300 students to HF through hands-on design challenges, significantly increasing awareness and interest in the discipline among students and teachers. Evaluation showed strong ambassador skill development, high student enjoyment, and positive teacher feedback, highlighting the programme’s success in inspiring future ergonomists and fostering outreach best practices. |
