Non-technical skills
“Think Twice, Cut Once”: Interview Study Examining Non-Technical Skills in Forestry Operations
Looking for the best free spins no deposit UK offers? This guide compares genuine promotions from trusted UK casinos, helping you find transparent bonus terms, real-value rewards, and the latest no-deposit deals available to new players in 2026.
Discover valuable insights into ergonomics research and explore how human-centered design improves workplace safety, comfort, and productivity. Whether you’re a researcher, practitioner, or industry professional, evidence-based ergonomics helps create more efficient and sustainable working environments.
Looking for the best no wagering casino UK offers? Explore carefully selected casinos featuring no wagering free spins, no deposit bonuses, and transparent terms, making it easier to compare the latest promotions. Find trusted options designed for players who value straightforward rewards and hassle-free withdrawals.
Looking for the best UK no deposit free spins offers? Discover trusted casinos, compare the latest 20–200 free spins promotions, and learn how these bonus deals work before you claim them. Staying informed helps you choose secure platforms with the most rewarding welcome offers.
Looking for the most reliable Best Trustly Casinos UK? Explore carefully reviewed platforms offering fast payouts, secure banking, and a smooth gaming experience. Compare trusted Trustly casino sites to find the best option for safe and convenient online play.
Players comparing different bonus sizes may find this guide to 20, 25, 50, 100 and 200 free spins no deposit UK useful for separating genuine offers from eye-catching marketing claims. It explains what to check before accepting free spins, including eligibility rules, wagering terms and withdrawal restrictions.
Casino promotions become much easier to compare once wagering requirements are taken out of the equation. This overview of no wagering casinos UK looks at free spins, cash withdrawals and the conditions players should examine before choosing an offer.
The number of free spins advertised by UK casino sites can vary considerably, but the headline figure rarely tells the whole story. This complete guide to 20, 25, 50, 100 and 200 free spins no deposit UK compares the main offer types and highlights the terms that can affect their real value.
Cryptocurrency casinos offer an alternative way to fund gaming accounts, although payment speed, licensing and withdrawal rules can differ significantly between operators. The guide to the best crypto casino UK options explains what British players should consider when comparing Bitcoin-friendly sites.
Choosing a Bitcoin casino involves more than simply checking whether crypto deposits are supported. This expert guide to the best crypto casino UK sites examines areas such as payments, bonuses, game selection and the practical differences between leading operators.
Security and regulatory status deserve particular attention when cryptocurrency is used for online gambling. This review of the best crypto casino UK choices focuses on Bitcoin casinos alongside safer alternatives and the checks players can make before depositing.
Real-money casino sites can differ substantially in withdrawal speed, payment options and the conditions attached to bonuses. The guide to the best real money online casinos UK compares these factors with particular attention to fast withdrawals and payout procedures.
A strong real-money casino should combine a broad game range with transparent banking rules and sensible withdrawal times. This ranking of the best real money online casinos UK explores fast-payout sites and the safety criteria worth checking before opening an account.
Bitcoin casino bonuses can look generous, but their real value depends heavily on the accompanying terms and the operator behind them. This guide to the best crypto casino UK sites covers leading Bitcoin options, bonus conditions and the legal realities relevant to UK players.
Withdrawal performance is one of the most practical ways to distinguish between real-money casino operators. This ranking of the best real money online casinos UK compares fast-payout sites while also considering payment methods, games and account conditions.
Players who dislike lengthy cash-out delays often prioritise operators with efficient verification and payment processing. This guide to fast withdrawal casinos UK reviews fast-payout sites and explains which factors can influence how quickly winnings reach a player.
No-KYC casinos are often promoted for privacy and rapid cryptocurrency transactions, but the level of verification can vary depending on the operator and circumstances. This guide to the best no KYC casinos UK examines privacy-focused sites, instant crypto payments and the practical trade-offs involved.
The phrase “no KYC” can be misleading because gambling operators may still request identity checks under certain conditions. This analysis of the best no KYC casinos UK explains what these sites usually mean by reduced verification and examines the legal questions British players should understand.
Casinos advertising little or no verification appeal to players seeking quicker registration, although licensing and withdrawal policies remain important considerations. This expert review of the best no KYC casinos UK compares leading no-verification sites and the checks worth making before using them.
Online slot sites can differ considerably in game libraries, bonus structures, payment methods and overall usability. This guide to the best online slots UK compares leading sites, popular games and bonus offers to help readers understand the main differences between operators.
Players who prefer established e-wallets can explore the best Skrill casinos UK 2026 to compare sites that support Skrill for convenient deposits and withdrawals. The guide highlights key payment features, banking conditions and other factors worth checking before choosing a casino.
Using an e-wallet can make managing casino payments more straightforward, especially when deposit and withdrawal options are clearly explained. This guide to the best Skrill casino UK 2026 reviews platforms accepting Skrill deposits and compares their main features.
Open Banking has become a useful option for players looking for simple bank-based transactions without relying on a separate e-wallet. The best Trustly casinos UK 2026 guide examines sites offering Trustly alongside information about payments, withdrawal speeds and account requirements.
For players who favour direct bank payments, Trustly can provide a convenient alternative to cards and traditional e-wallets. A comparison of the best Trustly casinos UK 2026 covers leading options and explains what to consider when assessing payment processing and withdrawal policies.
Fast and straightforward banking is an important consideration when comparing online casino platforms. This overview of Trustly casinos UK 2026 looks at sites supporting Trustly and outlines their approach to bank payments, withdrawals and account funding.
Some British players research offshore alternatives that operate outside the GamStop self-exclusion network, although these sites are not regulated in the same way as UKGC-licensed operators. The guide to the best UK casinos not on GamStop 2026 explains the main differences, features and considerations associated with these platforms.
Understanding the regulatory status of offshore gambling sites is important before opening an account or depositing money. This overview of UK casinos not on GamStop in 2026 examines how these platforms differ from UK-licensed casinos and discusses the legal and practical points players should consider.
Non-GamStop platforms can differ considerably in licensing, payment methods, verification procedures and player protections. A detailed comparison of the best UK casinos not on GamStop provides an overview of these differences and the factors worth reviewing before using an offshore site.
Players who prefer to start with a smaller bankroll can compare low deposit casinos UK offering minimum deposits such as £1, £5 or £10. The guide explains how deposit limits, payment methods and bonus terms can vary between operators.
Choosing an offshore casino requires extra attention to licensing, payment policies and the level of player protection available. This best UK casinos not on GamStop 2026 guide reviews the main considerations for players comparing non-GamStop platforms and safer approaches to offshore play.
| Document
|
Author Sofia Johansson, Amy Irwin, Nejc Sedlar, Rhona Flin, Jason Liggins, Andrew Sloss |
| Abstract Non-technical skills are the cognitive and social skills that enable safe and effective performance in safety-critical environments, yet little is known about how these skills are used within one of UK’s most hazardous industries, forestry. Using semi-structured interviews with UK-based machine operators, this study examined both the use of non-technical skills and the performance-influencing factors that shape them. The findings suggest that operators of forestry machinery (harvester, forwarder, skyline winch) depend upon skills such as situation awareness, decision making, and communication to work safely in this high-risk context. |
A qualitative exploration of forestry chainsaw operator non-technical skills
| Document
|
Author Amy Irwin1, Ilinca-Ruxandra Tone, Paulina Sobocinska & Jason Liggins |
| Abstract Non-technical skills are the cognitive, social and personal management skills considered necessary, alongside technical knowledge, for safe and effective work practice. Despite forestry operations, particularly those involving a chainsaw, being extremely high-risk, these skills have not yet been examined in the forestry context. This study used qualitative interviews to explore the non-technical skills relevant to forestry chainsaw operation, with preliminary findings highlighting skills such as situation awareness, task management and decision-making as vital for forestry worker safety. |
A New Train of Thought – CIEHF Demonstrated Impact Award 2023
| Document
|
Author Paul Davison |
| Abstract The project commenced in 2015 initially to deliver Non-Technical Skills (NTS) to train drivers. Success evolved the project, and an Action Research methodology was employed from the boardroom to the classroom to create several Action Learning sets. Appreciative Enquiry, Learning Reviews (LR), a Compassionate Safety mindset and a suite of adult learning techniques were used to deliver sticky learning. The project has generated resilient business interdependence and the production of a Fair Culture Charter for all 4500 employees. This has resulted in a reduction in operational incidents from 277 (13/14), the year before PPWD became involved, to 150 (22/23) per year, and a decrease in the ratio of events to drivers from 0.43 to 0.14. |
NTS in agriculture – A news media analysis
| Document
|
Author Ilinca-Ruxandra Tone & Amy Irwin |
| Abstract The current study examined news media reports of agricultural accidents through a mixed-method content analysis. This was done to identify instances of NTS previously found in agriculture. |
Incident Reduction Programme: Nottingham Rail Station
| Document
|
Author Paul Davison |
| Abstract This project involves the investigation, analysis and resolution of train dispatch incidents at Nottingham rail station. The project’s main goal was to reduce the number of incidents and introduce a Non-Technical Skills competency framework. The analysis of questionnaires, workshops, observations, documentation and discussions showed a confused train dispatch process, and highlighted dysfunction in and between teams. Therefore, a back to basics principle guided the redesign of both the technical and non-technical aspects of the competency framework; aimed to deliver safe, on time dispatches that provided positive customer experiences. This resulted in the design of a dispatch safety bubble containing multiple layers of defence. Additionally, a Fair Culture shift required a change in error orientation, resulting in the understanding that dispatch failures only occur in technical skills. The complimentary non-technical skills are neither right nor wrong, they are only underdeveloped. The lack of a non-technical skill then manifests itself within a technical failure, which may result in an incident. This mindset also shifted the use of investigations to establishing understanding and make recommendations to prevent future recurrence for similarly qualified and experienced personnel. These mindsets required staff to adopt a coaching style for training, assessments and professional discussions. The project and change in mindsets created engagement from and between the staff. At project start, Nottingham station experienced an average of two incidents per week, by project conclusion this had reduced to two per month. The reduction in incidents has lowered the likelihood of injuries and loss of life and saved hundreds of thousands of pounds in costs and fines, whilst reducing the chance of a catastrophic event. |
The Impact of Wearing Facemasks on Pilot Non-Technical Skills During the COVID-19 Pandemic
| Document
|
Author Craig M Kerr & Jim Nixon |
| Abstract Masks on the flight deck are a part of an overarching biosecurity strategy intended to keep aircrew safe during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this research was to explore pilot perception of the impact of mask wearing on non-technical skills. Four key non-technical skill areas were identified: communication, situational awareness, task management and decision making. Flight-crew perception on how mask wearing affects these skills was captured using a questionnaire. In addition, overall pilot attitude to mask wearing was captured concurrently. Sixty-two pilots with a variety of experience and backgrounds participated in the research. Analysis revealed communication to be a skill heavily impacted by facemasks. Results also align with the IATA risk assessment suggesting facemasks increase the time taken to don oxygen masks in the event of rapid depressurisation. The burden associated with flying whilst wearing masks also became evident. Flight-crew report increased feelings of fatigue when wearing masks, impacts upon crew resource management and performance. Overall, findings suggest that masks impact non-technical skills and subsequently crew resource management. These findings indicate that mask wearing might adversely affect flight safety. These findings should be considered when decisions are made to implement mask wearing in the cockpit. |
Investigation of UK farmer risk perception and Non-Technical Skills
| Document
|
Author Ilinca-Ruxandra Tone & Dr. Amy Irwin |
| Abstract Livestock operations pose a high risk of injury and fatality in agriculture, especially for lone workers. In other high-risk industries, non-technical skills (NTS) are recognised as important for safe and effective task performance. However, dedicated research ought to be conducted to investigate how these findings apply to farmers, who are suggested to be highly risk tolerant. The current study used the vignette method to investigate farmer risk perception and risk management strategies, including NTS, in four types of cattle-handling risks related to self, equipment, environment, and animal characteristics. A preliminary sample of 50 farmers from the UK and Ireland was recruited through farming forums and organisational contacts to take part in an online qualitative study. Participants were presented with eight scenarios, two per category of risk, and asked to report their reasoning for proceeding or not and to detail any risk management strategies used. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns. Farmers appeared to evaluate risk in the light of animal welfare and duty. Scenarios concerning faulty equipment and animal characteristics were perceived as too dangerous. Farmers reported using NTS such as task management, situation awareness, and decision-making to reduce risk. Farmers also considered facilities important for safe completion of livestock operations. These findings suggest that future interventions should aim to frame risk based on farmer priorities and to formally raise awareness about the importance of NTS. |
Identifying Non-Technical Skills behavioural markers in rail controller and maintenance roles
| Document
|
Author Anisha Tailor, Paul Leach, Kirsten Huysamen & Priya Shah |
| Abstract This paper discusses the use of task observations, semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis to identify and classify Non-Technical Skills (NTS) behavioural data in rail controller and rolling stock maintenance roles. A human-centred design process was applied to develop materials to support rail organisations with observing, evaluating and developing NTS in rail controller and rolling stock maintenance roles. Wider factors influencing human performance in these roles were also identified and are discussed in this paper. |
An exploratory focus group study of factors influencing helicopter pilots’ Non-Technical Skills
| Document
|
Author O. Hamlet, A. Irwin, R. Flin, & G. Thomson |
| Abstract Non-technical skills are the interpersonal and cognitive skills that promote effective performance alongside a pra2ctitioner’s technical abilities in their working environment. Whilst helicopter pilots are trained and assessed in non-technical skills, there is a lack of encompassing research assessing the factors which influence these skills as a whole. The current study aimed to report and compare factors which influenced the utilisation of non-technical skills across two pilot groups; search and rescue and offshore transport. Fifteen semi-structured focus group sessions were undertaken (n=8 offshore transport, n=7 search and rescue) where pilots were asked a series of open-ended questions centred around factors that influenced their non-technical skill utilisation. Focus group analysis was conducted by way of inductive thematic analysis to identify and compare factors. Workload, stress, individual influences, crew interaction/composition, environmental influences, changes and the status of other non-technical skills were identified as overarching factors which influenced the utilisation of pilots’ non-technical skills. Each factor consisted of a range of specific elements. While there was no variation between pilots on a factor level (e.g. workload), there was significant variation on the elemental level (e.g. too high a workload for offshore transport vs. not having all relevant mission information for search and rescue). The results indicate that while there are similarities in the overarching factors that affect non-technical skill utilisation, variations exist on the elemental level. Non-technical skills training, therefore, should be adapted for specific mission types and focused around role specific elements. |
The first empirical test of Human Factors integration in frontline policing
| Document
|
Author Adam Pace |
| Abstract This study presents the first empirical test of aviation-derived Human Factors (HF) training within frontline policing. Longitudinal surveys of serving police officers and interviews with aviation specialists examined the relevance, transferability and operational impact of HF principles in this context. Findings were consistent with literature indicating that HF has not yet been adopted within policing, and participants reported low baseline familiarity with related concepts. Post-training responses demonstrated substantial gains in understanding, confidence and behavioural application. Most officers (89%) reported using HF operationally, with strong perceived benefits for safety and performance. The results indicate clear potential for HF to strengthen decision-making, safety and organisational learning across policing and the wider emergency services. |
