Contemporary EHF 2024
Revolution of Report Writing in Safety Investigations
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Author Jenny O’Donnell, Nic Steevenson & Paul Bowie |
| Abstract This paper highlights the presence of reductionism and consequent blame within safety investigation reports across multiple high-reliability industries. It discusses the use of an innovative Learning Response Review and Improvement Tool, (LRRIT, referred to as the ‘Tool’ in this paper) initially developed for healthcare safety improvement (HSSIB, 2023). This Tool helps to shift the focus from the person, at the sharp end, to drive impartiality and systemic learning in safety investigation reports. |
Human Factors Contributions to Just Culture in Aviation and Beyond
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Author Steven Shorrock, Tony Licu, Radu Cioponea & Barry Kirwan |
| Abstract For over 20 years, EUROCONTROL and its partners have pioneered efforts to promote Just Culture at the corporate and judicial levels in aviation and beyond. Human Factors has been integrated into this effort in a variety of ways. This paper outlines three areas in which Human Factors concepts, theories and methods have been integrated: 1. Just Culture at the judicial level; 2. Just Culture at the organisational level in aviation; and 3. Just Culture in the wider world. |
Point of Care Ultrasound Scanning in Paediatric Haemophilia Patients
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Author Frances Ives, Helen Hunt, Katherine Reynolds & Zamira Jaffer |
| Abstract Point of Care Ultrasound Scanning (POCUS) is a procedure commonly used at the patient’s bedside, often within acute medicine to aid assessment and management of patients. A Human Factors project was undertaken to consider the implementation of POCUS to improve the diagnosis, treatment and management of Paediatric Haemophilia Patients with suspected joint bleeds. A Human Factors approach was used to support the implementation to ensure a systematic approach was taken to ensure the feasibility, usability, viability, scalability and sustainability was considered. Human Factors data gathering and observations were conducted to fully understand the current patient pathway and to understand how POCUS could be implemented to benefit both staff and patients. By using a Human Factors approach and considering the work system fully, it is anticipated that any potential disadvantages of the new technology are identified and addressed prior to full implementation. The project is currently in the pilot phase with staff trained in the use of POCUS and trialling equipment alongside the original pathway. It is anticipated that benefits to staff, patients, their carers, families and the NHS Trust will be identified. |
Exploring gas industry fatigue challenges through the operatives’ perspective
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Author Mahnaz Sharafkhani, Mary Browne, Margaret Codd, Angela O’Dea, Dorothy Breen, Dara Byrne, Maria Chiara Leva, Siobhán Corrigan, Sam Cromie, Eva Doherty, John Fitzsimons, Una Geary, Samantha Hughes, Cora McCaughan, Nick McDonald, Gemma Moore, Maureen Nolan, Paul O’Connor, Leonard O’Sullivan, Lorraine Schwanberg, David Vaughan, Marie E. Ward |
| Abstract Healthcare Human Factors / Ergonomics (HF/E) involves the rigorous application of multiple academic disciplines (e.g. engineering, psychology) with the aim of improving patient safety, quality of care, efficiency, and staff wellbeing. This paper discusses the establishment of a research collaboration of interested HF/E researchers, academics, frontline staff, quality and patient safety (QPS) practitioners and patient and public partners (PPP) and reports on a snapshot of the HF/E different activities being undertaken in the Irish healthcare system over the past 5 years (2018-2023). |
Measuring Professional Wellbeing in Healthcare
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Author Giulia Miles, Eva-Maria Carman,Upasana Topiwala, Benjamin Warren, Sasha Blackwood & Steve Cantellow |
| Abstract Wellbeing of healthcare staff has been highlighted as a key issue across clinical professions and a focus on professional wellbeing allows us to identify and better understand the system performance shaping factors that affect individual clinicians and ultimately patient care. This paper describes the method of selecting and applying a validated wellbeing tool in a large acute NHS hospital trust as part of a wider project looking at system monitoring tools. |
Applying Human Factors in Whisky Manufacture – A project of Firsts
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Author Anita Weltz, Douglas Dick |
| Abstract This paper outlines a case study of the Human Factors (HF) work that was undertaken for a whisky manufacturer, Whyte and Mackay (W&M), at an Upper Tier Control of Major Accident Hazards (COMAH) site in Scotland. The work was delivered by HF specialists at Risktec Solutions (Risktec) and involved: the incorporation of HF into the company investigation process; the development of a process for identifying and assessing safety critical tasks, including demonstration of the process (whisky loading to a tanker) and the development of a process for producing safety critical procedures and demonstration of application of this process. The project featured a number of firsts – the first whisky project for the HF consultant and the first HF project for the client. |
Validating IMPACT: A new cognitive test battery for defence
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Author Erinn Sturgess, Victoria Steane & Mark Chattington |
| Abstract This paper introduces the Interactive Measures of Performance and Assessment of Cognitive Tasks (IMPACT) tool, a new cognitive test battery for defence human sciences practitioners. The paper describes a comprehensive research study adopting a multi-method approach using a range of subjective and objective measures of human performance and cognitive states (including functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy; electrodermal activity; heart rate variability; gaze metrics; subjective workload; task performance and subjective situational awareness) to validate the assumptions made about IMPACT’s ability to elicit a number of cognitive properties. A brief overview of the findings is presented demonstrating the potential of the tool to elicit different behavioural outcomes based on task load manipulation – an important first step in understanding the construct validity of the IMPACT tool for human sciences practitioners moving forward. |
The Information Relevance Task Model of SAP System and Information Presentation
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Author Wu Xiaoli, Zhang Lan, Huang Xiaoli |
| Abstract SAP system, as a typical production management system, has great advantages in operation monitoring and production management, which has the characteristics of rapidly processing massive data and integrating information modules. However, in terms of human-computer interaction, the presentation of massive data is prone to an increase of cognitive load of users. The disorderly connection of information makes the user's misunderstanding of interface information, and it is also easy to add unnecessary operation steps. The SAP system information data of an enterprise was selected as the sample to optimize the information organization and presentation. It analyzed the production management task process for different types of users, and built an information association architecture for them based on the task domain model. The results show that the information association structure of purchasing engineer, planning engineer, quality engineer and manufacturing engineer established according to the task domain model can intuitively show the hierarchical relationship, importance and task flow of production data information under the real-time monitoring of SAP system, which is conducive to improving the work efficiency of users. |
A vision to ‘Design out’ accidentally retained surgical items in vaginal childbirth
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Author Ahmed ElGharably, Kiran Desai, Aaron Vance, Jon Lester, Emma Bonfiglio, Colin Rigby, Andrew Forrester, Prof Peter Ogrodnik, Jeffrey Faint, Prof Tom Clutton-Brock, Aditi Desai |
| Abstract Retained vaginal swabs are a well-recognised and recurrent patient safety ‘never event’ with the potential to cause significant morbidity. Surgical swabs and surgical tampons, which are considered a type of surgical swab, are the single largest retained item. There have been 340 incidents of retained vaginal swabs reported in England (2012-2022) and underreporting of these incidents is known. The current practice of manual counting is prone to human error and demonstrates a lack of efficacy in dealing with this issue. A simple, cost-effective device was developed collaboratively based on human factors/ ergonomics principles. This is designed to help users focus on the largest problem space, functioning as a physical checklist and memory aid for accurate counting. The team adopted a systems thinking approach to develop the innovation, progressing through steps such as hierarchical task analysis and human factors systems analysis through the SEIPS framework, AcciMap, barrier analysis and user-centred iterative design. The near-manufacture prototype was user-tested in simulation, and results indicate that the device has the potential to facilitate accurate counts in a time-efficient manner. We acknowledge that there will be a need for training, and culture change for the adoption of design solutions in the current workflow. It is known that around 94% of units have electronic records, and software development in order to integrate the deviceaided count into electronic medical records with a computer vision app is ongoing. With integration into existing software, the system will not complete the birth episode unless the count tallies. With some additional resources, our vision is to develop and introduce a strong systemic barrier to prevent the problem. Initially, it may be practical to introduce only the device, which acts as a physical checklist and increases system resilience. System engineering tools such as the use of checklists are well-accepted models within patient safety science. However, the role of design which complements human behaviour in achieving system improvement is relatively unknown to healthcare professionals and we intended to explore this. |
Adopting a human factors approach to improve safety in the emergency department
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Author Richard Brownhill, Clare Carr |
| Abstract Emergency departments across the country are experiencing high levels of demand and occupancy leading to crowding, creating an environment where those working in at find it difficult to function at their optimum level. The performance influencing factors for these staff impact in a number of ways leading to high cognitive load, stress and a sense of hoping to get through the shift without patients experiencing adverse events. The emergency care improvement support team (ECIST) is part of NHS England’s operational improvement arm, working with healthcare systems to develop understanding and improvement across the urgent and emergency care (UEC) pathway. A team within the emergency department at Ipswich hospital recognised that the acuity of patients walking into their service appeared to be increasing and the number of those unexpectedly deteriorating was increasing. As ECIST was already working with the organisation in relation to their UEC pathways, an approach commenced to understand further the work-as-done in relation to this safety critical area of hospital care. The improvement led to an improvement in perceived safety and speed of intervention for patients with sepsis. |
Developing instructional decals for depositing cash at automated teller machines (ATMs)
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Author Phil Day, Maggie McKendry, Andrew WD Smith & Marshall Munro |
| Abstract This paper describes the iterative development of instructional decals by means of expert reviews and user testing to solve a field issue. Findings are presented and conclusions drawn on developing language-free, graphical decals to convey note orientation and positioning. |
Enabling safety improvement by enhancing psychological safety in workplace conversations
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Author Kate Bonsall-Clarke, Paul Leach & Steven Van Niekerk |
| Abstract A rail industry organisation sought to develop a proactive approach to safety by better engaging with their contractors and gaining a clearer understanding of challenges, barriers and successes experienced at work. A review of the literature on psychological safety and coaching culture was undertaken to determine how staff engagement and safety conversations can be improved. Practical tools and guidance were developed and delivered to the organisation’s leaders to enhance their ability to enable meaningful candid conversations with staff. |
A Human Factors approach to developing a learning toolkit for the NHS
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Author Tracey A Herlihey, Jane Carthey, Lauren Mosley, Matthew Fogarty |
| Abstract Despite huge effort invested in investigating patient safety incidents in the NHS, mounting evidence pointed to a need for a fresh approach. To enable the NHS to move from Root Cause Analysis (RCA) to a more flexible and proportionate approach to learning from safety events, a human factors informed Learning Response Toolkit was developed. |
A Model for Managing the Risk of Organisational Change
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Author Lorraine Braben & Carolina Padovan Frias |
| Abstract The paper presents a case study for a new system to manage the risk of organisational change in accordance with COMAH Regulations at Pharmaron Manufacturing Services UK, a high hazard pharmaceutical site. |
‘Do Not Disturb While Driving’ Distractibility of Tesla In-Vehicle Infotainment System
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Author Rachael A. Wynne & Stephanie Dolman |
| Abstract Driver distraction is recognised as a leading cause of road deaths and fatalities. Driving is a complex task and with the increasing availability of consumer technology including in-vehicle infotainment systems (IVISs) the potential for distraction and resultant collisions is increasing. Operator event sequence diagrams (OESDs) were created to model use of the Tesla system, allowing operator load scores to be derived as a measure of driver distractibility for the Tesla IVIS across a series of tasks. It was consistently observed that the lowest operator loads involved voice recognition systems, hence greater availability of these systems may help to decrease distraction and thereby improve road safety. Future research will expand to focus on more systems to better understand the interaction between IVISs and drivers and the impact on driver distractibility. |
PhD overview: Investigating teleconsultations in primary care using human factors
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Author Aimee M D Ferguson, Rosemary Newham, Emma Dunlop, Kate Preston, Marion Bennie |
| Abstract The discipline of human factors plays a crucial role for the design, implementation, and evaluations of use of teleconsultations in primary care. This paper provides an overview of a PhD project which used the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) 2.0 model (Holden et al, 2013) to synthesise previous applications of human factors in this area; explore the facilitators and barriers to the use of video consultations in primary care pharmacy services in Scotland; and to understand the extent to which existing video consultation guidance considers each component of the current work system. |
Advancing Accessible Air Travel Environments for Aging Canadians – A Scoping Review
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Author Ben Koskowich , Maryam Attef, Chantal Trudel, Shelley Roberts& Cheryl Dalziel |
| Abstract While there is evidence to suggest that Canadians over the age of 65 are healthier, more active, and more affluent than past generations of older adults, seniors may experience challenges in air travel due to lack of financial resources or health factors related to the natural process of aging. Such factors, coupled with transportation deficits related to Canadian geography and infrastructure may exclude seniors from engaging in communities beyond their own, whether it be for leisure, work, or health services. Carleton University and the National Research Council have developed a 3-year program to investigate this demographic in air travel with the aim of developing a first-of-its-kind air travel design framework, followed by a demonstration/ proof-of-concept project. Here we share early findings from a rapid scoping review of research focused on older adults in air travel to categorize risks, barriers and opportunities identified by previous researchers. |
Identifying Human Performance Metrics in Air Traffic Control
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Author Lisa Aldridge, Jediah Clark & Mark S. Young |
| Abstract Whilst maintaining safety remains the top priority, the UK needs to increase the number of aircraft that can fly through its airspace. This study uses task analysis to identify a set of performance metrics that will support air traffic controller training, inform airspace and technology design, and support operational decisions that balance the number of aircraft that can fly through UK airspace. A literature review, a review of existing task analyses and a set of workshops with controllers were conducted. The study concludes that measuring the performance of air traffic controllers holistically and continuously, using objective measures of task performance, is relatively unexplored. |
The Impacts of Systematic False Alarms on Air Traffic Controllers’ Situation Awareness
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Author Ousmane Diack, James Blundell & Wen-Chin Li |
| Abstract The safety net, made of a set of alarms, is considered the final Air Traffic Management (ATM) protection to prevent an accident. The prevalence and causes of false Short-term Conflict Alerts (STCA), an alarm intended to represent one of the final safety barriers, was investigated based on the occurrence of 315 STCA events generated by a Western African Upper Airspace ATM system over an 11-month time period. Based on subject matter expert review, 313 STCA events (99.9%) were classified as false alarms. False STCA were caused by a combination of technical (aircraft position sensor fusion misalignment) and human attributes within the system. Furthermore, a survey with 26 ATCOs on the cognitive and behaviour effects elicited by the experience of false STCAs revealed that 73.08% of ATCOs experienced increased workload. Whilst 38.46% reported a reduction in situation awareness. Results of the analysis of the retrieved data on the STCA suggest that implementing efficient system integration of different sensors and reducing human error will reduce workload, and improve ATCO’s situation awareness and overall ATM system efficiency. |
Human factors role in supporting best practice
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Author Andy Brazier |
| Abstract Encouragement for us to understand the reality of work is creating a focus on the circumstances in which tasks are performed rather than challenging the work itself or whether best practice is being achieved. Human factors has tools and deeper understanding that could be used to drive more fundamental improvement. However, in some sectors at least, catchy buzz words are causing distractions that mean that the opportunity for human factors to prove its worth being missed. The process industry is one example where frontline workers manage risks on a nearly continuous basis supported by engineers working more remotely who have clear technical bias. Human factors has achieved a toe hold but its scope is often limited. This may not be a universal issue but medicine seems to be another sector where human factors has yet to achieve what it could. |
Assessment of user needs for a sepsis fluid management Artificial Intelligence tool
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Author Kate Preston, Emma Dunlop, Aimee Ferguson, Calum MacLellan, Feng Dong & Marion Bennie |
| Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has the potential to support clinical decisions for sepsis fluid management. However, to ensure the full benefit of the technology is realised, a human factors approach, utilising a work system model, can be applied from the outset in parallel with the AI development to ensure the technology is created for the setting within which it will be integrated. |
Developing and piloting Human Factors/ Ergonomics Handover Observation tools based on SEIPS 3.0
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Author Mahnaz Sharafkhani, Mary Browne, Margaret Codd, Angela O’Dea, Una Geary, Marie E. Ward |
| Abstract Clinical handover is a core component of healthcare delivery and its optimisation is a recognised enabler of patient safety (DoH, 2015), healthcare quality and positive patient and staff experience of care (HIQA, 2012). There are risks associated with poor handover and communication failure. Observational tools have been used to study and improve handover processes. However, not all of these tools capture the full range of systems factors that can impact on handover processes in clinical settings. In this study, a review of handover observation tools was conducted and a new ethnographic observation tool based on the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) 3.0 was developed and piloted. |
Middle Ground – Field of View for Future Helmet Mounted Displays
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Author Siddharth Shyamsundar |
| Abstract Drawing on research spanning multiple decades, different platforms and use cases, this literature review provides an in-depth overview of Field of View (FOV) in fixed wing military aviation Helmet Mounted Displays (HMDs), focusing on its human factors (HF) and performance implications. Expanding on the capabilities of human vision, it highlights how FOV and human vision are interlinked and why the current fixed wing HMD FOV standard is inadequate, failing to leverage the far-reaching capabilities of the human eye. This paper delves into both the preeminent FOV perspectives – the “as small as possible” and the “bigger the better” approaches, and identifies a “middle ground” of horizontal FOVs between 60° and 90°, where the benefits of wide FOV HMDs are at their most advantageous. Using this as a starting point, this study calls for the development of a wide FOV HMD for fixed wing military aircraft to include empirical HF research using appropriate use cases while accounting for platform and sensor capabilities and mission sets. |
Upright Cancer Therapy: A Human Factors perspective
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Author Susmitha Cherukuru Lakshmipathy |
| Abstract This paper explores the potential benefits and limitations of upright therapy compared to the traditional supine approach, focusing on the human factors perspective. The research is based on a combination of literature review, workshops with patients and clinicians, and ergonomic analysis. Upright therapy shows promise as a potential alternative to supine therapy, offering benefits for both patients and clinicians. Further research is crucial to fully understand the benefits of upright therapy for effective treatment approaches for various conditions and adaptability across various treatment conditions and requirements. |
How people misinterpret answers from Large Language Models
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Author Yuzhi Pan and Chris Baber |
| Abstract We presented probability problems to two Large Language Models (LLMs) and asked human judges to evaluate the correctness of the outputs. Neither LLM achieved 100% on the questions but participants did not always spot the errors these made. Two types of human error were identified: i. the LLM answer is correct, but the participant thought it was wrong (especially with the smaller LLM); ii. the LLM answer was wrong, but participants thought it was correct (especially with the larger LLM). Participants tended to trust the LLM when they were unsure how to answer a question and the LLM provided an answer that seemed reasonable and coherent (even if it is actually wrong) |
Developing a Human Factors / Ergonomics guide on AI deployment in healthcare
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Author Marie E. Ward, Mark Sujan, Rachel Pool, Kate Preston, Huayi Huang, Angela Carrington, Nick Chozos |
| Abstract Members of the Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors (CIEHF) Digital Health and AI Special Interest Group (SIG) identified a need to provide health and social care professionals with an accessible guide to apply a systems approach in the design of healthcare AI tools. The CIEHF Digital Health and AI SIG came together to co-design a new guidance document: ‘AI deployment in healthcare – beginning your journey with Human Factors / Ergonomics (HF/E) in mind to support the integration of AI into care practices. A guide for health and social care professionals with an interest in AI.’ Group members come from health and social care and HF/E backgrounds. The guide is structured using the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) framework. |
Integration of a Causal Analysis process into an Accident Investigation Organisation
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Author Rebecca Charles & John Stewart |
| Abstract Accident investigation requires a structure and framework within which to determine why an accident happened. The Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) promotes that causal analysis (CA) will be the backbone of its investigation activities. It will capture the logical structure of how events came together to result in the accident. It will also drive the evidence collection and interview strategies by defining what is necessary and relevant to understand the causality. RAIB recognises that there are many CA tools and techniques and encourages use of the most appropriate tools for each investigation. However, it is important to RAIB to define a discipline framework within which the relevant tools are applied and to strive for consistency in this across all investigations. Historically, there has been some variability in this. To achieve this consistency, it is necessary to understand the variability in understanding of CA processes and techniques by inspectors, how they have applied them and the challenges they have faced. To that end, 21 inspectors of varying experience were taken through a structured interview and the key issues elicited. These have been used as the basis for a revision to the RAIB’s approach to CA and its implementation. |
Case Study: Reflections on a Major Nuclear New Build Project from Concept to Commissioning
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Author Emma Ridsdale |
| Abstract The paper highlights the implementation of relevant good practice Human Factors Integration (HFI) methods on a major nuclear new build project. The Human Factors (HF) team have provided support to the design and safety case since 2017. HF activities have assessed the role of the operation, allocation of function and analysed the proven technologies selection and input into novel design solutions to deliver a safe, operable, and functional design. |
The gender-data gap in e-micromobility research
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Author Katie J. Parnell |
| Abstract There is a historic ‘gender-data gap’ in transportation research, which has led to a male-bias in the design, experience and development of the transport industry. Electric micromobility is still a relatively new mode of transportation which offers an opportunity to study the mode from a gender balanced perspective, preventing a gender data gap and reducing biases. A literature review was conducted to review the sampling of participants across 296 studies into e-micromobility. The findings suggest that the male-bias in data collection has persisted into this new domain. The impact that this has on this area will be considered alongside providing areas for future research. |
A 5 year snapshot of education, research and publications about ergonomics in Irish Healthcare
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Author Mahnaz Sharafkhani, Mary Browne, Margaret Codd, Angela O’Dea, Dorothy Breen, Dara Byrne, Maria Chiara Leva, Siobhán Corrigan, Sam Cromie, Eva Doherty, John Fitzsimons, Una Geary, Samantha Hughes, Cora McCaughan, Nick McDonald, Gemma Moore, Maureen Nolan, Paul O’Connor, Leonard O’Sullivan, Lorraine Schwanberg, David Vaughan, Marie E. Ward |
| Abstract Healthcare Human Factors / Ergonomics (HF/E) involves the rigorous application of multiple academic disciplines (e.g. engineering, psychology) with the aim of improving patient safety, quality of care, efficiency, and staff wellbeing. This paper discusses the establishment of a research collaboration of interested HF/E researchers, academics, frontline staff, quality and patient safety (QPS) practitioners and patient and public partners (PPP) and reports on a snapshot of the HF/E different activities being undertaken in the Irish healthcare system over the past 5 years (2018-2023). |
Trends in Psychosocial Risk Exposure in Companies affiliated to Mutual de SeguridadChile (2014-2022)
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Author Victoria Villalobos-Molina, Paulina Hernandez & Eric Tapia Escobar |
| Abstract The present paper outlines the trend of exposure to psychosocial risks in companies from various industrial sectors affiliated with a mutual insurance company in Chile. This report is part of a longitudinal descriptive study conducted using secondary data from 1,568,340 records collected between 2014 and 2022. The findings show a general trend indicating a decreasing exposure to psychosocial risks, particularly significant in the dimensions of "Psychological Demands" and "Social Support". However, the results in the double presence dimension remain concerning. Although the psychosocial risks surveillance protocol implemented in Chile shows positive results, there is still a relevant group of workers that needs a more targeted intervention. |
Effect of Words, Numbers and Colours on Subjective Interpretation of Rating Scales
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Author Niall Miranda |
| Abstract Rating scales are tools that enable researchers to obtain empirical data from a theoretical construct. The quality of data obtained is influenced by subjective interpretation of the rating scale or measurement bias. A survey was conducted on eighty-two participants to determine the subjective interpretation of three distinct linear interval rating scales that employed either words to assign polarity, numbers to assign divisions or an experimental colour gradient. The data obtained in this study identified deficiencies in two commonly used questionnaires and recommended rating scale designs to attenuate measurement bias and improve the quality of data. |
Understanding variability in acute hospital care of adults with a learning disability
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Author Clare Y Crowley, Rosemary H Lim, Nick Woodier, Scott Hislop |
| Abstract There is inequity in the care of adults with a learning disability, urgently admitted from a community to an acute hospital setting. Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) was used to identify and describe how everyday care is usually provided (work as done), variability in performing core functions (tasks), understand the potential impact of output variability, and indicate where action to improve the system might best be focussed. The FRAM model developed consisted of 15 interdependent core functions, with differing types and sources of variability in the function output, showing a high level of complexity. Six key factors were identified that may contribute to variability in the care commonly provided to this cohort. Three common adaptations to the care processes were reported. |
The importance of door-to-door journey planning in Mobility as a Service
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Author Em Thorogood, Joy McKay & John Preston |
| Abstract Interest and investment in Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is expanding, and the technology is anticipated to play a key role in affecting behavioural change towards more sustainable personal transit choices on a societal level. As yet there is little published research on the prioritisation of various in-app features with respect to their impact on user experience (UX); an important consideration if stakeholders are to achieve the widespread uptake of MaaS needed to realise their broad environmental and social aims. We examine the impact of the absence of turn-by-turn navigation; analysing data from a set of user trials to identify the uptake implications of this deficit. |
‘The Golden Bay’ Project
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Author Gonny Hoekstra |
| Abstract With an increase of the average age of their employees, a cargo division of an airline company redesigned a part of the operation into “The Golden Bay’. A workplace where the older employee can work in a healthy way and be of added value until retirement. |
Development of a Behavioural Markers System for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship Operations
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Author Kirsty M. Lynch, Aaron P. J. Roberts, Mark S. Young, Victoria A. Banks, Dominic J. Taunton & Katherine L. Plant |
| Abstract A prototype Behavioural Markers System (BMS) is being developed for the operation of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) to assess operators’ non-technical skills for working in a Remote Control Centre (RCC) and assess the behaviours of machine teammates. This paper outlines the initial prototype BMS it includes behavioural markers (BMs) for humans working within a human-machine team, as MASS systems are using higher levels of automation and are changing how the operators will interact with the automated systems. The BMS will also be extended to BMs for machine teammates which could be used in the design and evaluation of future MASS systems. Future work will focus on the further development of the prototype BMS adding further BMs for human-machine and machine-human interactions. |
Understanding the complex challenges in digital pathology and artificial intelligence integration
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Author Haotian Yi, Gyuchan Thomas Jun, Diane Gyi & Samar Betmouni |
| Abstract The hexagonal socio-technical framework was employed to understand the complex system of digital pathology (DP) workflow and artificial intelligence (AI) application while identifying the complex human factors challenges within the DP and AI integration process. |
Participatory Ergonomics The design of PRIME Road Markings for Motorcycle Casualty Reduction
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Author Graham Sabine & David J Thompson |
| Abstract The Interactive Measures of Performance and Assessment of Cognitive Tasks (IMPACT) tool; developed to provide defence with a reconfigurable, repeatable, and scalable battery of military orientated tasks. The design, development, validation, early exploitation, and future use are discussed briefly in this paper. |
How Can Neisser’s Perceptual Cycle Model Be Used To Identify Users’ Information Needs In Maas?
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Author Joy McKay, Em Thorogood & John Preston |
| Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate how MaaS can be optimised by applying Neisser's Perceptual Cycle Model to the Verbal Protocol collected during user trials of a new MaaS app. The results help identify where users’ expectations are not met and information needs remain, thus making completion of the Plan, Book, Pay, Navigate task difficult. By identifying where the MaaS app does not match the users’ existing mental model design recommendations can be made to increase usefulness and usability. |
A Comprehensive Method for Evaluating Healthcare Environments, Resilience and Wellbeing
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Author Simon Gill, Alexandra Watral , Lisa Lim , & Renaldo Blocker |
| Abstract This study describes a mixed-methods methodology using a survey, focus groups and functional scenario analysis to examine the interplay between the built environment, resilience, and wellbeing within a healthcare setting. Results and implications from a pilot study in three operating rooms at a large US hospital are presented. |
How does explainability affect perceived transparency, trust, acceptance and usefulness?
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Author Yifan Ding, Setia Hermawati |
| Abstract The effects of explainability on perceived trust, transparency, acceptance and usefulness were explored in a within subjects’ study (n=15) using an online shopping recommender system as a context. The study investigated three levels of explainability (low, medium, high) and perceived transparency, trust, acceptance and usefulness were obtained using standardised questionnaires. |
Understanding the impact of ETCS on driver ‘route knowledge’ competence
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Author Arielle Vriesekoop-Beswick, Charlotte Kaul & Marcus Carmichael |
| Abstract Train drivers must have extensive knowledge about the features on each route they drive, called ‘route knowledge’. The upgrade of signalling systems from lineside signals to in-cab signalling changes key driving tasks and the requirements for route knowledge. This project sought to understand the route knowledge requirements for drivers under the in-cab signalling system European Train Control System (ETCS) and to update the industry guidance. |
Exploring effectiveness of driver attention and alertness monitoring devices for GB railway
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Author Dr Kirsten Huysamen, Paul Leach, Anna Vereker, Dr Claire Coombes, Tom Hyat, Jasmine Bayliss & Anisha Tailor |
| Abstract Seven people died in the Sandilands tram accident in 2006 illustrating the impact loss of driver alertness can have. A study into Signal Passed at Danger (SPADs) revealed that driver alertness and attention were factors in 49% of events. The Rail Safety and Standards Board therefore instigated a study to a) determine what driver attention and alertness monitoring technology would be suitable for GB rail (phase 1) and b) determine the benefits of the technology through a live industry trial (phase 2). The phase 1 evidence indicated that loss of alertness and attention has significant safety consequences, and that driver alertness and attention monitoring technology can help to mitigate this risk. The research recommended that a specific GB rail device is required, and 108 functional requirements were developed. These have been used to procure a device that will be trialled live with three train companies from March 2024 for a year (phase 2). The paper details the phase 1 findings, the phase 2 trial methodology and initial findings from the trial. |
Development of a strategy to enhance human-centred design for aircraft maintenance.
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Author Simon Gill, Lisa Fitzsimons |
| Abstract This paper describes the results of a study commissioned by the Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS) to develop an aviation industry-wide strategy to enhance human-centred design for aircraft maintenance. The authors will set out the problem, describe the conception of the project and the novel approach taken. The resulting published report (RAeS 2022) will serve as guidance for the aviation industry on how it might proactively and strategically change to embed human-centred design for maintenance into the fabric of the aviation system. |
Developing a human-centric de-icing system to increase airport capacity and operational safety
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Author Ahmed Yaghi & James Blundell & Wen-Chin Li |
| Abstract This research paper presents an innovative automated de-icing system designed to enhance operational efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability at airports during cold weather conditions. Traditional manual de-icing methods, which are labour intensive and pose significant safety risks and environmental concerns, are inefficient and costly. The proposed system incorporates human-centric design principles and advanced automation technologies, including predictive modelling and real-time data analytics, to facilitate safer and more efficient de-icing operations with reduced physical labour and improved aircraft turnaround times. Drawing upon interviews with Bucharest International Airport subject matter experts, the research identified key operational, safety, and environmental challenges in current de-icing processes in order to provide relevant human-centric design requirements. Subsequent system development focused on minimizing human error and physical strain, streamlining equipment preparation, and reducing environmental impact through sustainable practices. The research underscores the need for further empirical testing to validate the system's effectiveness in real-world settings, offering a significant step forward in achieving safer, more efficient, and environmentally responsible airport de-icing operations. |
How cognitive task analysis (CTA) can improve learning from serious accidents
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Author Ian Pemberton & Domonic Mooney |
| Abstract This study involved conducting a cognitive task analysis (CTA) based learning review of a serious accident that occurred at a British Sugar manufacturing plant in the UK. Exploration of the cognitive work, through the use of cognitive task analysis (CTA), delivered deeper understanding of the contributing factors to the accident, and helped to extend significantly the learning beyond that gained through the existing accident investigation. The results of the CTA interviews also provided content for scenario-based training, called decision-making exercises (DMX), which were shown to be effective in developing the tacit cognitive skills that contributed to this accident. This study provides convincing evidence that a CTA-based approach can help extend learning from serious accidents, both in terms of understanding contributory cognitive human factors, as well as providing rich content for cognitive tacit skills training for technical and non-technical skills routinely involved in serious accidents and fatalities (SIFs). |
‘Work as’ approaches in marine accident investigation: the tale of Kaami
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Author Will Tutton and Jack Martin |
| Abstract This paper presents an applied assessment by two professional marine accident investigators of ‘Work As’ approaches, used to understand the local rationality of seafarers involved in the Kaami marine accident. The approach used was to consider three different perspectives to how work was conducted onboard the Kaami vessel. The ‘Work As’ approach was found to be highly useful during the investigation providing insights into the perspectives of those involved in the accident that probably would not otherwise been identified. |
Embedding Human Factors into High-Speed Rail Systems Integration
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Author Arzoo Naghiyev, Anthony Coplestone & Nassar Majothi |
| Abstract High Speed 2 (HS2) is building a new socio-technical system, and the complexity of the project requires early and iterative management of human risks. Collaborative working between Ergonomics and Systems Integration (SI) has allowed for end users to be considered in SI processes, which is critical when designing not only new rail systems and infrastructure, but also a new Infrastructure Manager (IM) organisation. This paper will discuss the development of the early ergonomics risk identification framework (EERIF) that has been developed to integrate ergonomics into functional integration activities that are used to support the design of technical systems. The EERIF will be iteratively updated throughout the design process to map to the maturity of the project and will be re-reviewed against existing HF taxonomies and methods. |
A simulator study into customer behaviour on dynamic hard shoulder motorways
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Author Annabel Moore |
| Abstract This paper outlines a study for National Highways to better understand drivers’ behaviour, responses and perceptions on dynamic hard shoulder (DHS) motorways. A mixed methods approach, including use of a mixed reality simulator, was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data from motorway drivers and triangulate the results. This work provided a greater understanding of the perceptions of drivers on DHS motorways and built an evidence base of the aspects of DHS motorways which may cause higher workload for drivers. |
Responding to identity theft: a systems analysis of actors, responsibilities, and vulnerabilities
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Author Judy M. Watson, Gemma J. M. Read, Don Kerr & Paul M. Salmon |
| Abstract Responding to identity theft incidents is complex however our current understanding of the response system is limited. This study applied a systems analysis with the aim of identifying the actors that share the responsibility for victim outcomes following identity theft incidents in Australia. The findings identify a diverse set of 60 actor types involved in the response process and emphasise the lack of a single ‘one-stop-shop’ point of contact for victims. Recommendations for improvement are suggested. |
Circles of Influence: How do you arrange 200 Performance Shaping Factors?
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Author Adrian Wheatley |
| Abstract The Circles of Influence model is a method of organising Performance Shaping Factors that encourages the user to consider the bi-directional way in which many variables might interact to influence human performance. The model is presented as a tool to aid Ergonomics and Human Factors practitioners when undertaking activities such as project and task scoping, requirements capture, risk assessment, and Human Reliability Assessment. |
Success Factors for Human Factors Issues Management in the Nuclear Industry
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Author Sam Farrar, Samantha Halstead, Callum Thomas & Patrick Ellis |
| Abstract This paper sets out to present several key Success Factors learned from the coordination and management of Human Factors Issues and Assumptions Register (HFIAR) administrative process’ within the Nuclear Sector. The paper seeks to explore notable themes identified within HFIAR management and detail how the process can be suitably implemented to provide successful Human Factors (HF) Issues management to Nuclear Industry Clients. |
Exploring Constraints to Rail Travel for Late Adopters of Technology
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Author Charlotte Lenton, Brendan Ryan & Jillian Rickly |
| Abstract This paper explores the accessibility and support provision in rail passenger environments in the GB rail network for passengers who are identified as late adopters of technology. The research data were collected at focus group sessions with rail industry representatives to gain an industry perspective on late adopters, their support needs, constraints to travel, and factors affecting accessibility of the GB rail network for this passenger group. Findings suggest several stages of the passenger journey which could be impacted by constraints to rail travel for the passenger group of interests and passengers more generally. Additionally, the analysis identifies areas of tension within industry regarding support provision for late adopters of technology in relation to accessibility of services and financial implications. |
Method to study risk perception in aircraft maintenance
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Author Raphaël Chirac, Herimanana Zafiharimalala, Arturo Martinez-Gracida, Franck Cazaurang & Jean-Marc Andre |
| Abstract In this article, we present the methodology we developed to propose an original model of mechanics' risk perception adapted to the aircraft maintenance field. We have identified 20 concepts that can be mobilised to build the model. To focus our study on a limited number of targeted concepts, we carried out a 4-stage selection process. As a result, the model was reduced to 4 factors and 3 measures of risk perception. |
Are you sitting comfortably? A survey into glider pilot comfort
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Author Ava Udwadia1, Adrian Emck2, Colin Jackson2, Rebecca Grant1 |
| Abstract While glider performance has improved over the last century, cockpit design has fundamentally not changed. This research aimed to establish if glider pilots are comfortable in flight, and if not, then why and what makes them uncomfortable. A questionnaire was conducted that received 244 valid responses and this found that most pilots had experience cockpit discomfort. |
Human Centred Lighting of a 24-hour Control Room
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Author Martin Redford |
| Abstract Lighting of Industrial Control Rooms may disrupt natural circadian rhythms, affecting the health and wellbeing of operators. Human Centred Lighting (HCL) is designed to mimic the natural dark/light cycle, maintaining alertness and to reduce adaptation to night work and therefore avoid a phase delay of the circadian rhythm. Research has emphasised the part played by melanopsin in regulating the production and suppression of melatonin which is directly linked to circadian rhythms. Using the refurbishment of a control room as a case study, the implementation of a HCL design to support circadian rhythms and health and wellbeing of control room operators is illustrated. |
Understanding how work as done of incident investigators supports a safety-II approach
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Author Brook Howells |
| Abstract The Patient Safety Incident Response Framework (PSIRF) launched in 2022 aims to improve healthcare safety through improved learning from incidents. Effective investigations are a critical part of safety management and one area that requires further research is in how incident analysis can take a safety-II approach to understand how systems adapt to maintain safety and what enables operational staff to have positive adaptive capacity. This study utilised appreciative inquiry to assess the work as done of investigators, in particular relation to how they identify positive adaptive practices. Qualitative interviews with investigators and safety specialists from safety-critical industries were used to identify current methods and practice, plus perceptions of how safety-II might be enabled in investigations. The main findings were that investigators already identify positive adaptive practices by operational staff, although it is not a priority focus and minimally reported. There was less evidence that current practice facilitates greater understanding of factors that enable positive adaptations. The diversity of investigation methodologies used and the value of multi-disciplinary investigation teams was a common theme. The impact of safety-II on kindness – both within investigations and for wider cultural change – was also a key finding, although there was variation between industries that merits further analysis. This study has implications for how investigative practice and skills are taught and refined, and how safety-II might be integrated within wider safety campaigns. |
Evaluating COOL Technique for Commercial Pilots Overcoming Startle Effect
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Author Samarth Vilas Burande |
| Abstract This study assessed the effectiveness of the "Control, Orient, Organize, and Lead" (COOL) technique in mitigating startle responses among commercial pilots during unexpected in-flight situations. Employing a quasi-experimental design, the experimental group received COOL training, while the control group had no specific training. Both groups encountered simulated startle-inducing emergencies in a flight simulator. Quantitative measurements using the NASA Task Load Index were taken, revealing moderate improvements in the experimental group's workload management, task engagement, stress levels, and flight precision. Despite a lack of statistical significance, these findings suggest potential benefits in integrating COOL into pilot training for effective startle mitigation. Further research with expanded participant cohorts is recommended for a comprehensive evaluation of COOL's efficacy in enhancing aviation safety. |
Developing a systems-based professional wellbeing tool: What should we consider?
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Author Eva-Maria Carman, Giulia Miles, Upasana Topiwala, Benjamin Warren , & Steve Cantellow |
| Abstract A key consideration to work systems are the people within it and the resource and resilience they bring to the system. As a result, professional wellbeing should be considered as a key element for systems monitoring. To work towards developing a professional wellbeing tool associated with work system elements to guide and inform improvement strategies and system redesign, an exploratory study was conducted to capture the relevant concepts. The aim of this phase of the project was to explored what staff thought were key elements of professional wellbeing that should be assessed, how work is organised and managed by staff, how this may be related to professional wellbeing and capture practical considerations for data capturing and tool outputs. A total of eight focus groups and seven interviews were conducted with staff within the Hospital 24 service between January and September 2023 with a total of 28 participants. The results from the focus groups and interviews assisted in addressing three key questions, namely: what should one measure for professional wellbeing, what is currently measured and how should one measure professional wellbeing? In addition to addressing these questions, key work system considerations emerged that are essential for understanding the context of the concepts identified and the potential implications for measurement and data interpretation. These qualitative results provided the building blocks for a conceptual framework that will guide the development of a systems-based professional wellbeing tool. |
Human factors exploration of occupational health and safety consultancy within SMEs
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Author Grainne Kelly, Patrick Waterson, Mike Fray |
| Abstract The paper summarises a study about the work of occupational health and safety consultants (OHSCs) with SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises). The aim was to identify the factors influencing the effectiveness of their assignments and the practical actions that can increase the chances of success. The results led to the development of a workflow model for OHSC interventions, categorizing the aspects that require emphasis at different stages to increase the chances of a successful outcome. |
Nuclear: The Big Clean-up
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Author Steph Simpson |
| Abstract This paper presents a series of observations of the hazards and challenges faced as part of the cleanup of the UK’s Nuclear Licensed Sites after decades of electricity production. In some hazardous environments, the dynamic decision making of humans is often preferable to the use of robots, however this does not come without risk. Protective equipment, whilst absolutely necessary to reduce the risks to the operator, can impact their performance when undertaking decommissioning operations. Human Factors and Ergonomics play a critical role in ensuring these tasks are undertaken safely, reliably and efficiently. |
Practical considerations for sensitive studies during medical device usability assessments
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Author Leanne Verwey, Anna McLister, Urszula Wlodarczyk, Venea Calcot, Chloe Roberts, Molly Smyth & A C B Medeiros |
| Abstract Usability assessments on medical devices where participants are required to simulate the use of the device and share information about sensitive topics, such as intermittent catheter, ostomy bag or pelvic floor trainer use, can be challenging. This paper explores some of these challenges and how to address them. |
Human Factors Integration for a Nuclear Waste Management Facility – a success story
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Author Clare Parker & Carina King |
| Abstract This paper outlines the Human Factors (HF) integration work that was undertaken at a Sellafield Limited (SL) nuclear waste management facility in the north of the UK. The project consisted of the design and build of a new facility to store Intermediate Level Waste (ILW). The work was delivered by HF specialists at Risktec Solutions Ltd (Risktec) and involved multiple HF activities. A local operability review is presented as a case study that considered the environmental aspects of the new facility. This paper demonstrates the importance and impact of HF integration on a large-scale project. |
2B or not 2B? The AI Challenge to Civil Aviation Human Factors
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Author Barry Kirwan |
| Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds great promise for all industries in improving safe performance and efficiency, and civil aviation is no different. AI can potentially offer efficiency improvements to reduce delays and aviation’s carbon footprint, while adding safety support inside the cockpit, enabling single pilot operations and the handling of drone operations in urban environments. The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has proposed six categories of Human-AI teaming, from machine learning support to fully autonomous AI. While AI support may in some cases be treated as ‘just more automation’, one category in particular, Collaborative AI (category 2B) considers the case of AI as an autonomous ‘team-mate’, able to take initiative, negotiate, reprioritise and execute tasks. This category pushes the envelope when it comes to contemporary Human Factors evaluation of human work systems. The question arises, therefore, of whether Human Factors is sufficiently well equipped to support the evaluation and performance assurance of such new concepts of operation, or whether we need new techniques and even new frameworks for Human-AI teaming design and assessment. Four future Human-AI Teaming use cases are considered to help gauge where Human Factors remains fit-for-purpose, where it can be modified to be so, and where we may need entirely new techniques of performance assessment and assurance. |
New Product Development Integrated with Usability
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Author Suganth Rajendra Kumar |
| Abstract This paper proposes a novel approach titled ‘New product development integrated with usability’ which integrates usability within the product development cycle of a new product. This approach primarily caters to new products in the rail industry, however can be applied to other sectors also. The approach was developed on the basis of the lessons learnt from a usability study conducted as part of the development of a new Rail Traffic Management software in the U.K. The approach details a series of steps to design and conduct usability studies such that the impact on user satisfaction, system effectiveness, and overall business outcomes is highlighted earlier in the design cycle. This approach is likely to result in ample opportunities to recommend and implement changes with relatively minimal impact on the product development cycle. |
Attitudes to physiological wearables in the workplace in the railway industry
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Author Abigail Fowler, Catherine Harvey, Max L Wilson & Sarah Sharples |
| Abstract This study evaluates railway staff attitudes and perspectives to physiological wearables in the workplace. Findings indicate wearables could suit use in live operational environments, provided data use and data privacy concerns are addressed. The successful application of wearable measures relies on both data being relevant, and wearables being acceptable to staff. The study focuses on signallers, with implications for other staff in transport industries. |
Lessons learnt from introducing a Fatigue Risk Management System
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Author Nicola Legg |
| Abstract Fatigue has long been known as a risk to safe human performance across many industries, in the UK. However, in 2019, it had not been considered as a risk factor within the gas distribution network industry. This paper summarises some of the work that has taken place so far to implement a Fatigue Risk Management System into an organisation and begins to reflect on what worked well and what needed reflecting upon and revising. |
In Two Minds: Distractive and Protective Effects of Passengers in Automated Vehicles
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Author David R. Large, Cath Harvey, Emily Shaw, Sparsh Khandeparker, Gary Burnett, Elizabeth Box |
| Abstract We highlight exemplar behaviours elicited through the observation of driver-passenger interactions in a multiple journey driving simulator study, demonstrating both distractive and protective effects when a front-seat passenger is present during SAE level 3 automated driving. |
Human-centred policy development for the maritime industry
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Author Dhwani Oakley, Esme Flegg, Sam Hodder, Katrina Kemp & Ruth Taylor |
| Abstract This paper presents a novel methodological approach to safety regulation for the maritime sector. It describes the use of ‘serious gaming’ to explore the impact and support the implementation of emerging and future technologies in the policy-making process. The development and application of the ‘serious gaming’ framework is described and demonstrates the potential benefits of applying a design-led approach to policy development in enabling innovation, contributing to regulatory change, and delivering improved outcomes for seafarers, industry, and the wider society. |
Human Factors Considerations in the Development of Extended Reality (XR) Training System
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Author Victoria Cutler, Caitlin Moore, David Taylo, Beata-Noemi Balint, Rhys Hunt & Mayowa Olonilua |
| Abstract This research identified the Human Factors (HF) considerations associated with using Extended Reality (XR) systems for military training, by applying the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) Early Human Factors Analysis (EHFA) methodology. Fifty-five HF considerations were identified, addressing user characteristics, equipment design, and organisational processes. Specific actions were recommended to address the identified HF considerations and support effective use of XR in training delivery. |
What does HF Integration really look like? Client/consultant partnership for HS2
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Author Emily Thorne, Dr Stuart Smith |
| Abstract This paper explores how the client/consultancy partnership enabled effective Ergonomics/Human Factors (E/HF) integration for the concept design of the Washwood Heath (WWH) Depot rolling stock depot for High Speed 2 (HS2). Exploring lessons learnt from this case study intends to highlight examples of “best practice” for effective E/HFI and discuss practical tips and tools for implementation which may be transferrable to other projects, and sectors beyond the rail sector. |
Cognitive decision-making strategies in patient flow management
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Author Matthew Woodward, Julie Gore, Fotios Petropoulus & Christos Vasilakis |
| Abstract Decision-making for hospital patient flow management is a time-constrained task for a dynamic problem, but little is known about the cognitive strategies required for this type of task. The SkillsRules-Knowledge model of cognition was used to study the decision-making strategies of clinical coordinators and patient flow managers in acute medical units in two hospitals. For timeconstrained decisions in an environment with a plethora of dynamic data, a rule-based feedforward strategy was predominant. Additionally, decision makers applied their tacit knowledge of bed demand profiles to project the future situation and to compensate for delays that were inherent in the patient transfer process. |
Agentive Language: Its Effect on the Perception of Culpability in Investigative Interviewing
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Author Dominique L M Bovell |
| Abstract This paper looks at the effect of using agentive language in a simulated investigative interview, to determine if the use of language that assigns agency to human action impacts how interviewees perceive culpability for their role in an accident. The results revealed no significant effect of using agentive language. The research methodology, participants’ disposition, and the customary use of agentive language in English may explain these results. |
The Process of Training ChatGPT Using HFACS to Analyse Aviation Accident Reports
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Author Declan Saunders, Kyle Hu & Wen-Chin Li |
| Abstract This study investigates the feasibility of a generative-pre-trained transformer (GPT) to analyse aviation accident reports related to decision error, based on the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) combined with machine learning (ML) is expected to expand significantly in aviation. It will have an impact on safety management and accident classification and prevention based on the development of the large language model (LLM) and prompt engineering. The results have demonstrated that there are challenges to using AI to classify accidents related to pilots’ cognitive processes, which might have an impact on pilots’ decision-making, violation, and operational behaviours. Currently, AI tends to misclassify causal factors implicated by human behaviours and cognitive processes of decisionmaking. This research reveals the potential of AI's utility in initial quick analysis with unexpected and unpredictable hallucinations, which may require a domain expert’s validation. |
A New Train of Thought – CIEHF Demonstrated Impact Award 2023
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Author Paul Davison |
| Abstract The project commenced in 2015 initially to deliver Non-Technical Skills (NTS) to train drivers. Success evolved the project, and an Action Research methodology was employed from the boardroom to the classroom to create several Action Learning sets. Appreciative Enquiry, Learning Reviews (LR), a Compassionate Safety mindset and a suite of adult learning techniques were used to deliver sticky learning. The project has generated resilient business interdependence and the production of a Fair Culture Charter for all 4500 employees. This has resulted in a reduction in operational incidents from 277 (13/14), the year before PPWD became involved, to 150 (22/23) per year, and a decrease in the ratio of events to drivers from 0.43 to 0.14. |
Knowing and not knowing as system design imperatives
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Author Robert J. Houghton & Karen Lancaster |
| Abstract We discuss the importance of “not knowing” as a design imperative in digital and automated systems with examples drawn from a range of different settings together with discussion of how this might be responsibly addressed based on analysis using E/HF methods. Reflection is also offered on situations where the temptation to ignorance should not be acted on in design terms - or simply ignored - but embraced as a sensitive heuristic tool for detecting wider system design challenges made salient by digitalisation. |
Why do train drivers pass red signals? Understanding the immediate and underlying causes of SPAD events
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Author T Hyat & A Monk |
| Abstract An accident investigation framework has been introduced into the GB rail industry's safety management intelligence system (SMIS) to understand the immediate and underlying causes of SPAD events. This paper will show the process of reporting detailed causes, the challenges of introducing this framework into operational environments and an analysis of the causes of SPAD events. |
Multimodal detection of an electric aircraft propulsion system failure
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Author Lamyea Ahmed, Michael A. Bromfield |
| Abstract The need for sustainable aviation has accelerated the development of electric aircraft and propulsion systems. These systems generate less noise compared to conventional piston engines (Moshov & Toropylina, 2022) and provide limited cues to the pilot in the event of a propulsion system’s failure. Not recognising powerplant failure and taking prompt recovery actions in a timely manner may lead to aerodynamic stall and loss of control in flight (Smith & Bromfield, 2022). This research aims to explore how multimodal presentation of electric propulsion system information affects pilot response times during propulsion system failure. A human-centred design approach was employed to develop multimodal presentations of data, incorporating visual, auditory and visual/auditory feedback in combination. Simulated flights were conducted in a fixed-base flight simulator, using control and experimental groups consisting of student pilots (n=eight). Preliminary results indicate that pilot response times are reduced when using a combination of visual/auditory information. |
A Framework for Estimating Difficulty, User Cost and Exclusion from Everyday Tasks
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Author David Nery, John Clarkson & Alaster Yoxall |
| Abstract Inclusive design research and practice seeks to make everyday tasks more accessible for everyone. Identifying Performance Shaping Factors and assessing their impact on performance is central to estimating difficulty, user cost and potential exclusion from everyday tasks. This paper provides an exploratory Hand Action Framework for examining the extent to which task demands, age and capability Performance Shaping Factors impact performance achieved, difficulty, user cost and task exclusion experienced. A study involving a sample of sixty participants undertaking a range of everyday tasks is provided. The results demonstrate the Hand Action Framework captured a range of hand actions used with Performance Shaping Factors of task demands, age, and capability having a significant impact on hand actions used, performance achieved and user cost experienced. |
HFACS-based Bayesian Network: Machine learning approach to Human Factors in Hydrogen accidents
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Author Edem Yao Tsei, David Barry & Duncan Hewat |
| Abstract This study combines Bayesian Network (BN) machine learning tool and HFACS to analyse safety risks related to human and organisational factors in hydrogen (H2) accidents in the H2tools database to deduce lessons for aviation. The study statistically identifies significant causal associations between human risk factors and their effect on H2 accidents. Ultimately, the research contributes to the existing human factors knowledge gap in understanding H2 accident risk factors and develops a model for proactive H2 safety management in the aviation domain. |
Human Factors Integration in Digital Railway Transformation: A Call for Collaboration
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Author Niamh Tyson & Emily Thorne |
| Abstract A systematic literature review was conducted to synthesise research into Human Factors Integration and holistic risk management in the implementation of ETCS across Europe. The review highlights a lack of accessible literature in this field and makes several recommendations to bridge the gaps in knowledge and inform best practices in the UK. The importance of fostering collaboration within our discipline and developing new avenues for sharing lessons learned beyond traditional channels is highlighted throughout. |
Application of human factors to improve airport experience for passengers requiring support
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Author Edyta Ostrowska |
| Abstract The paper presents an application of human factors framework to improve airport operations and customer experience. A pilot study was conducted at one of the UK airports and focused on experiences of passengers requiring support and staff working in Assistance Points. The results highlighted that airport operators would benefit from applying more holistic approach to understand passenger experience and should aim to look beyond passenger satisfaction, at the factors that can influence staff satisfaction and performance. |
Tool for Estimating Rail Freight Yard Complexity and impact on human performance
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Author David Golightly , David Ethell & James Lonergan |
| Abstract Previous research has identified that the complexity of freight yards – layout, capacity, access and local physical context – is one factor that impacts the safe performance of freight yard tasks. We present the rationale, method and contents of a tool that makes explicit the definition of site complexity, and elements that comprise site complexity. Applications of the tool include site risk assessment, impact assessment of operational change, and potential to underpin a design standard. |
Carers Perspectives of Usability of Standing Assistive Devices
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Author Chia-Jung Kang & Alexandra Lang |
| Abstract Recently, assistive technology has gained a significant interest in research from various domains due to the rapid increase in the elderly, disabled, and immobile patient populations. This study introduced usability into caregivers’ perspectives in using assistive devices with a particular focus on standing aid devices, facilitating the movement of patients and caregivers in a safer transfer. Furthermore, the techniques for examining the caregiver burden and physical activities delivered the mental and physical aspects concerning the usability and devices. These also combined the approaches commonly used in assessing medical devices in human factors engineering (HFE). |
Lagging Human Factors – Latency in Helmet Mounted Displays and its Implications
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Author Siddharth Shyamsundar |
| Abstract Despite having significant human factors (HF) implications, latency in military aviation Helmet Mounted Displays (HMDs) is often seen as purely an engineering problem. This systematic review provides an overview of latency in HMDs, highlights the adverse impact it has on key HF and pilot performance metrics and outlines current latency thresholds and how they may not be relevant to the military aviation context. Drawing from extant literature, this paper provides recommendations for HF involvement, research and technology application in the development of low latency HMDs. It serves as a call to action, promoting significant HF involvement within a multidisciplinary, collaborative approach to exploring latency in the development of future military aviation HMDs. |
Electrifying the future Irish railway
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Author Abigail Palmer & Nora Balfe |
| Abstract This paper describes the baselining of current electrical controller operations on the Irish rail network, and the ongoing work to assess the human factors risks and issues associated with an increase in the level of railway electrification and move to a new operational control centre including new equipment. To support decarbonisation, there are plans to increase the electrified network from 50km of track to at least 150km in the greater Dublin area, with possible further increases in other areas. To understand current work, the existing role was baselined to document the sources of information used, the tasks undertaken, and the current workload. A series of workshops are ongoing to explore the role of new systems and interfaces to be used in future and the expected increase in ECO workload and how this will be managed. |
Can Mobility as a Service really contribute to transport sustainability and equity?
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Author Rich C. McIlroy and John M. Preston |
| Abstract Mobility as a Service (MaaS) aims to facilitate multi-modal, non-car travel by integrating various forms of transportation services into a single, accessible journey-planning and ticketing platform. Literature on MaaS is growing; however, questions remain concerning the features, requirements, and information elements that potential end users themselves consider most important or useful for customer facing MaaS apps, and how those needs depend on factors like gender, age, and where a person lives. This article reports on an on-going project exploring these issues, giving an overview of results from an employer questionnaire and a large focus group study, and introducing a followup questionnaire that is gathering end-user priorities for MaaS systems and interfaces. |
Practicing What We Preach: The Performance Shaping Factors of Human Factors Practitioners
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Author Darren Doyle, & James Blundell |
| Abstract The severity of performance shaping factors on human factors (HF) practitioners from safety critical industries in the United Kingdom (UK) is examined. Based on a Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) survey, 32 HF practitioners reported that organisational influences were the most disruptive encountered PSF with the vocation (p < 0.01), compared with supervisory and workplace pre-condition factors. Follow-up semi-structured interviews with 5 participants highlighted these organisational PSFs could be attributed to the misperception of the HF role and value within organisational structures, contributing to the perception of HF receiving insufficient budgetary and organisational priority. Furthermore, participants viewed these PSFs to be significantly detrimental to their own well-being and to both the current and prospective health of discipline. Recommendations to address these issues are discussed. |
Development and validation of a wearable fatigue monitoring device
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Author Melanie Mertesdorf, Alan Jones & Neil Clark |
| Abstract Fatigue management and in particular associated cognitive depletion is of crucial relevance in areas such as occupational health and transport safety, with some estimating that 25-50% of commercial vehicle accidents occur due to the effects of human error through accumulative cognitive fatigue (Davidović et al., 2018). The Driver Innovation Safety Challenge (DISC) was commissioned in response to such concerns and recent high-profile incidents. It was a joint project led by Edinburgh Trams with the support of UKTram and Transport for Edinburgh, and a partnership of public and private sector organisations including the City of Edinburgh Council and the Scotland CAN DO Innovation Challenge Fund. Its remit was to promote the development of technology and processes to help mitigate against the onset of mental fatigue and aid in the prevention of associated incidents. Key criteria for this type of management were to enable real time fatigue monitoring of personnel in an unobtrusive manner. This paper discusses the development and validation of a wrist-worn wearable device for fatigue detection and alerting, with a particular emphasis on validation studies conducted with tram operators in an operationally representative simulator environment. Despite initial focus on tram operators, the device has potential applications for many other domains where mental fatigue could lead to catastrophic events. |
How to get richness from health and safety data
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Author Carlotta Vorbeck, Dominika Brzoska-Corenthy, James Thompson & Jodie Lewis |
| Abstract Gathering meaningful insights from data is a challenge faced by many organisations. In high-hazard industries data is crucial when it comes to identifying and understanding weak signals. These weak signals are important because they can indicate a problem and provide an opportunity for early intervention before an accident or incident occurs. As human factors specialists, when working with organisations to improve safety performance, our projects often involve review and interpretation of data. In this paper we share practical learnings and considerations at each stage throughout the data lifecycle, to maximise the insights that can be gained from health and safety data. |
Loss of an F35 fighter jet – The case for Human Factors Integration
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Author Kevin Hayes & Daniel Boardman |
| Abstract An F-35B Fighter Jet belonging to the Royal Air Force ditched in the Mediterranean Sea on 17 November 2021 during an aborted take-off from the aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth (DSA, 2023). While the aircraft was recovered from a depth of two kilometres, all components were found to be beyond economic repair and the airframe was deemed a total loss. The subsequent safety investigation conducted by the Defence Safety Authority determined the causal factor to be that the left intake blank was at the front face of the engine compressor during the aircraft launch. This paper sets out the latent issues with the design of the intake blank and how they combined with a number of local and organisational Human Factor issues to create the conditions in which this accident occurred. |
Evaluating novel technologies through the notion of affording situations
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Author Khawla Aljammaz, Chris Baber & Hyunyoung Kim |
| Abstract User interactions with novel technologies have been explored with different approaches. Traditional approaches seem to focus on the abstract form of the artefact. This paper introduces the notion of affording situations as a context-based evaluation approach. |
The Adaptive Organisation: Progress in understanding adaptation in safety management
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Author Craig Foster, Katherine Plant & Rich McIlroy |
| Abstract In the last 20 years, new theories, ideas, and disciplines of safety have emerged to address the evolving nature of safety management in complex sociotechnical systems. The literature increasingly recognises the importance of adaptation; whereby the people in the system use their skills and experiences to make continuous, real-time demand compensations to ensure safety through trade-offs, self-organisation, informal practices and strategies. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the nature of adaptation and the emerging understanding of the role it plays with reference to the safety of UK air traffic control. |
Understanding human behaviour and decision-making at level crossing
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Author Katherine L. Plant, Richard Bye, Katie J. Parnell, Craig K. Allison, Jade Melendez, Neville A. Stanton |
| Abstract This work presents a collaboration between [an academic] and [industry partner] to help improve safety at level crossings by developing a deeper understanding of how people behave at them. Using the theoretical foundations of the Perceptual Cycle Model (Neisser, 1976) to generate behavioural insights from workshops, interviews and field observations, the work aims to create decision support tools for level crossing managers, engineers, safety teams and investigators. The resulting human factors toolkit will inform hazard analysis, system design and behavioural interventions that will put level crossing users—and their needs, goals and behaviours—at the centre of activities to improve system safety. |
Hoisting: What could possibly go wrong?
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Author Adrian Wheatley |
| Abstract The handling of hazardous materials requires the careful consideration of potential human errors and their consequences. Further to several risk assessment and safety justification activities in support of hoist equipment and hoist operations design, a baseline model of hoisting operations, potential human error and consequences was developed. This model is presented as a useful starting point for any safety assessor undertaking hazard analysis in the context of high hazard hoisting operations. |
Case Study: Branching Narrative Storytelling to Improve Construction Site Safety Performance
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Author Shelley Stiles |
| Abstract This study evaluates the effectiveness of a novel approach often seen in gaming, (branching narrative storytelling) for safety training within the Construction Industry, seeking to determine the impact on safety performance for a Principal Contractor. Branching narrative storytelling is structured in such a manner whereby the audience choose how the story progresses, exploring decision making on the context of construction site situations and challenges. The case study has established that a branching narrative storytelling approach deployed for training in the workplace has achieved an improvement in safety performance through a reduction of falling object incidents. |
Introducing IMPACT; Design and Development of a Military Orientated Cognitve Task Battery
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Author Graham Sabine & David J Thompson |
| Abstract The Interactive Measures of Performance and Assessment of Cognitive Tasks (IMPACT) tool; developed to provide defence with a reconfigurable, repeatable, and scalable battery of military orientated tasks. The design, development, validation, early exploitation, and future use are discussed briefly in this paper. |
Human Factors in the Trenches
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Author Barry Peter Kirby |
| Abstract The Universal Battle Trench (UBT) project is an initiative to develop a novel, rapidly deployable trench system aimed at enhancing the safety and operational efficiency of military personnel. When the project was still in its early conceptual phase it incorporated Human Factors (HF) expertise to guide its early evolution. This involved a task analysis, modelling utilising 3D printing, trials, and an Early Human Factors Assessment, which facilitated early design changes, enhancing safety and cost-effectiveness. |
Healthcare versus industrial safety – the impact of cognitive distortion
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Author Nick Woodier, Paul Sampson, & Iain Moppett |
| Abstract Healthcare has long been told that it must improve patient safety. To help improvement, there are repeated calls that it should seek to learn from other industries, such as aviation and nuclear, including around their use of near misses. Near misses are incidents that almost happened, and it is believed that learning from near misses can help avoid harmful incidents. This study, part of a larger project, aimed to understand industrial perceptions of their own safety and translation of safety ideas to healthcare, with a focus on near misses. A qualitative approach was undertaken with a scoping review and interviews with 35 participants across aviation, maritime, nuclear, and rail. Participants had reservations about healthcare translating safety ideas from their industries, with perceptions that healthcare is oversimplifying safety management, including how they learn from near misses. Healthcare may be prone to all-or-nothing thinking, limiting its ability to take evidence-based approaches to improving safety. Healthcare may benefit from considering and implementing safety management principles. |
Supporting Distributed Sensemaking in Command and Control
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Author W. Huw Gibson, George Raywood-Burke, Chris Baber, Andrew Leggatt, Simon Attfield, & Donna Amey |
| Abstract Distributed sensemaking (DSM) is an important concept in the development of command and control for the future military operating environment. Following from earlier work developing DSM principles and DSM measures, this paper reports on a lab-based experiment which collected data on approaches to support DSM. |
Subjective Measures on Task Complexity Using Touchscreens in Flight Operations
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Author Ben Wright, James Blundell, Wojciech Tomasz Korek, & Wen-Chin Li |
| Abstract The following preliminary study uses subjective measures of situational awareness, workload, and system usability to assess the effect of touchscreen flight deck displays in simple and complex flying environments during a simulated flight task. Eighteen participants were evaluated whilst flying a simulated aircraft, conducting both simple and complex flight operations. Results showed that situational awareness improved, and perceived workload was maintained, when task complexity was increased during touchscreen interaction on the flight deck. This was likely driven by touchscreens providing increased attentional supply. This improves the flight deck humanmachine interface (HMI) from a pilot-centred perspective by improving access to task-relevant information. There was no significant change in levels of touchscreen usability as flight task complexity increased, once again ratifying the use of touchscreens in assisting cognitive function in some task types. The application and limitations of these findings is discussed. |
Systems Human Factors and Ergonomics methods: applications, outcomes, and future directions
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Author Samantha L. Jackson, Gemma J. M. Read, Adam Hulme, & Paul M. Salmon |
| Abstract This systematic literature review identified peer-reviewed applications of systems HFE methods to determine the range of problems examined and how the methods have been applied. The review revealed a growth in applications of systems HFE methods over time. The review suggests that as problem and system complexity continue to intensify, continual evaluation and potential adaption of methods may be required, including using more than one method. |
Human Factors in Safety Critical Design: Using Haptic Feedback for Robot Teleoperation
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Author Molly Murphy, Teegan Bowker, Emily Thorne, Steven Newton & Daniel Jardine |
| Abstract High hazard industries require the consideration of Human Factors in designing methods to mitigate health and safety risks. Robotic solutions in the nuclear industry can improve operator safety through remote teleoperation, however, for these solutions to be successful the human must be considered. This paper presents a Human Factors review of one of these solutions and has received promising usability results whilst identifying areas for future system development – including improvements to the trolley used to move the robot, and recommendations for a comprehensive training program for familiarisation. |
Comparing User Interface Designs for Explainable Artificial Intelligence
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Author Ionut Danilescu & Chris Baber |
| Abstract A well-known approach to Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) presents features from a dataset that are important to the AI system’s recommendation. In this paper, we compare LIME (Local Interpretable Model-free Explanation), to display features from a classifier, with a radar plot, to show relations between these features. Comparative evaluation (with N = 20) shows LIME provides more correct answers, has a higher consistency in answers, and higher rating of satisfaction. However, LIME also showed lower sensitivity (using signal detection), a slightly more liberal response bias, and had a higher rating of subjective workload. Evaluating user interface designs for XAI needs to consider a combination of metrics, and it is time to question the benefit of relying only on features for XAI. |
